123 P. 426 | Okla. | 1912
The plaintiffs were denied admission to the white school in the district in which they resided on the ground that they were negroes. They brought action to compel the district board to admit them. The case was tried in the district court, and the issues were submitted to a jury, which returned a verdict in favor of the defendant, on which judgment was rendered by the court.
The first error complained of is in giving the following instruction:
"You are further instructed that in determining the blood and race of the plaintiffs you may take into consideration any evidence introduced as to their ancestry, color, hair, features, and general appearance; and you may also consider their relation and association, if any, with the negro race, and how they have been regarded and treated both by the white and negro races."
The particular part of this instruction complained of is that it permits the jury to consider the relationship and the association of the parties with the negro race, and how they had been regarded and treated by both the whites and negroes. The plaintiffs have referred us to no authorities and the defendant has not filed any brief, nor have we found a great many cases which have carefully considered these identical questions. In this state, by section 11 of article 23 of the Constitution, "all persons of African descent" are negroes, while all other persons are whites, thus, for legal purposes, limiting our population to the two races, and including the native American or Indian population and all other races, except the negroes, as white persons. Of course, the great bulk of our population is of pure Caucasian race, but we have quite a number of our citizens who are an admixture of the white and Indian races. On the other hand, we have the pure negro, and to a limited extent an admixture of white and Indian blood, and of Indian and negro blood, thus making it somewhat more difficult as a matter of fact to classify those who belong to this number. The rules of evidence to be applied to these cases are therefore of vital importance in this state. Our law provides separate schools for the negro race (Comp. Laws *694 1909, sec. 8193), and prohibits their admission to white schools, and, where one has such an admixture of blood as to make it uncertain what race he should be classified with, the question to him is of the most intimate and vital importance, and our rules of evidence should be liberally applied to ascertain the true fact.
Speaking broadly, it is a well-known fact that white persons and negroes do not associate with each other on terms of social equality, and it therefore seems evident that the relation between any particular individual and the negro race, on the one hand, or the white race on the other, is competent evidence, not to prove blood, but for the consideration of the jury, in connection with other facts and circumstances, as one fact tending to show racial identity. Our investigation does not disclose much precedent on this point, although inWhite v. Strother,
The court admitted evidence tending to show that the plaintiffs, in the community in which they lived, were generally reputed to be negroes, and this is assigned as error. What we have already said applies to some extent to this subject. And the reason we have assigned likewise supports the ruling of the court in this particular. But on this point we have found more authorities than on the other. Bryan v. Walton,
The court excluded the evidence of several witnesses who would have testified that there was no African or negro blood in the plaintiffs. This was error. It is true that in the nature of things such a statement was an opinion on the part of the witnesses offered, but it was offered as a fact to be stated by witnesses who had known them and their parents for years. It is manifest that one who has known a friend for many years should be permitted to say that he is a white man or a negro man without stopping to say that his hair is straight or curly; that his face is white or black; that his eyes are blue or black; that he knew his father and mother, and that their characteristics were those of the white or black race; that he knew his brothers and sisters; and that their characteristics are those of the black or white race. While to a certain extent it is the expression of an opinion, it is also the statement of a fact, and it is held in Hopkins v. Bowers,
Evidence was offered tending to show that the plaintiffs had attended white schools in Kentucky, and in connection with this evidence witnesses who had been members of school boards in that state, and one who had been a justice of the peace, sought to testify that they knew the laws of Kentucky, and that under the laws of that state negro children were not permitted to attend white schools. The court refused to permit these witnesses to testify as to the laws of Kentucky. Upon the record as presented this ruling may have been correct. As the cause *696 must be remanded for a new trial, it may be well to state the rule which should govern in the event testimony of this class is offered.
The rule, of course, is that the laws of other states are facts to be established in this state by evidence competent according to the rules here prevailing. The general rule seems to be that parol evidence is admissible to establish the unwritten law of foreign jurisdictions, but not to establish the statutory law, as in such cases the statute itself would be the best evidence. 17 Cyc. 67; McNeill v. Arnold,
"Printed copies in volumes of statutes, codes or other written law, enacted by any other state or territory, or foreign government, shall be admitted by the courts and officers of this state, on all occasions, as presumptive evidence of such laws. The unwritten or common law of any other state, territory or foreign government, may be proved as facts by parol evidence; and the books of reports of cases adjudged in their courts, may also be admitted as presumptive evidence of such law."
In Gilliland v. Board of Education,
"Where an act is done which can be done legally only after the performance of some prior act, proof of it carries with it a presumption of the due performance of the prior act."
Complaint is also made of some of the instructions refused, but the charge of the court substantially covered the matters requested in the instructions refused, and therefore their refusal was not error.
For the reasons herein stated, the case should be reversed and remanded for a new trial.
By the Court: It is so ordered.