Cohen v. G/C Contracting Corp., 2006 Ca 102 (9-21-2007)Cohen v. G/C Contracting Corp., 2006 Ca 102 (9-21-2007)
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{¶ 1} Ira S. Cohen appeals from a judgment of the Greene County Court of Common Pleas, which granted summary judgment to G/C Contracting Corporation on whether the parties were subj ect to a mandatory arbitration provision and stayed this action pending arbitration. For the following reasons, the trial court‘s judgment will be reversed and the cause remanded for further proceedings. .
{¶ 2} According to Cohen‘s amended complaint, on September 3, 2003, Cohen, dba Ira S. Cohen Associates, sent a proposal to G/C Contracting, a company bidding on a project to construct a replacement fire station for the Beavercreek Board of Trustees. Cohen‘s proposal offered to fabricate and erect miscellaneous architectural steel, structural steel, joists, deck, and accessories in connection with the Beavercreek project for $193,431. Beavercreek selected G/C Contracting to be the general contractor for the fire station project, and G/C Contracting began discussions with Cohen about the steelwork aspects of the job. On October 4, 2003, G/C Contracting “gave [Cohen] the verbal go-ahead to commence work on the project.”
{¶ 3} On October 23, 2003, G/C Contracting sent Cohen a draft of a written contract to review and sign. According to Cohen, the parties did not execute the written agreement. Cohen alleged that he substantially completed all labor and furnished substantially all materials by August 8, 2004, at which time he was improperly terminated from the project. Cohen alleged that he has not been fully paid by G/C Contracting. He stated that the total contract price was $194,558 plus approximately $250,000 in agreed-upon extras.
{¶ 4} On February 15, 2005, Cohen brought suit against G/C Contracting and others, asserting claims of breach of contract, lien foreclosure, for payment pursuant to
{¶ 5} On March 19, 2005, G/C Contracting filed a motion to dismiss and/or for a more definite statement and/or to stay. G/C Contracting asserted that the relationship between Cohen
{¶ 6} In his memorandum in opposition to the motions, Cohen asserted that no written contract was entered into by the parties. He indicated that the alleged contract attached by G/C Contracting to its motion should have included an “Exhibit G,” which contained many proposed modifications to the terms of the agreement. Cohen notes that G/C Contracting did not sign the contract, and there was no meeting of the minds as to what the written instrument would say. Cohen provided an affidavit that detailed the negotiations between Cohen and G/C Contracting and stated that no written contract was executed.
{¶ 7} In response, G/C Contracting asserted that G/C Contracting‘s signature was not required for the contract to be binding on the parties. Moreover, it denied that any exhibit was attached to the contract when it was returned to G/C Contracting. It attached the affidavit of Justin Conger, Vice President of G/C Contracting, to substantiate its assertions.
{¶ 8} On July 11, 2005, the trial court stated that “[i]t appears from the fact patter[n] of this case that alternative dispute resolution has not been exhausted and, as such, Plaintiff s claim should be pled with particularity as to why said alternative dispute resolution provisions are not
{¶ 9} On September 9, 2005, Cohen filed an amended complaint. Cohen specifically alleged that G/C Contracting had sent a draft written contract, which Cohen signed and returned with numerous material changes to bring the contract in line with the project specifications. Cohen attached the alleged draft “Contractor and Subcontract Agreement,” which was signed by Cohen, as well as Exhibit G. G/C Contracting subsequently filed counterclaims, alleging breach of contract, breach of implied warranty, and negligent construction.
{¶ 10} On September 27, 2005, G/C Contracting moved to dismiss Cohen‘s amended complaint. It argued that G/C Contracting and Cohen had either a written or an implied contract that required mandatory arbitration to resolve this dispute. G/C Contracting attached the draft “Contractor and Subcontractor Agreement” along with Exhibit G. Cohen opposed the motion, again arguing that there was no written contract between the parties and, thus, no valid and binding arbitration clause.
{¶ 11} On February 9, 2006, the trial court converted the motion to dismiss on the issue of mandatory arbitration to a motion for summary judgment, and it provided the parties an additional period of time to supplement the record. Neither party submitted additional materials to the court.
{¶ 12} On August 3, 2006, the court granted G/C Contracting‘s motion for summary judgment and it stayed the litigation pending arbitration. The court stated:
{¶ 13} “Relevant facts of this case are as follows: G/C Contracting Corp. contracted
{¶ 14} “This Court need only to look to the documents filed in this case to resolve the dispute. It is clear from the four corners of the agreement that no issue of material fact exists and as such, Plaintiff was obligated by contract as to dispute resolution. On October 20, 2003, Plaintiff entered into a contract with G/C Contracting which has led to the dispute in this case. The contract specifically sets forth the agreement between the parties. Included in the contract were terms acceptable to the parties that addressed dispute resolution, to wit: section 13.7, Direct Discussion, section 13.8, Mediation, section 13.9, Arbitration. When Ira Cohen signed
{¶ 15} “The contract in this case is clear on its face. The Court finds it is not necessary to go outside the four corners of the document to enforce the agreement. Therefore, Summary Judgment is GRANTED and the matter is hereby STAYED pending mandatory mediation/arbitration.” (Emphasis in original) (footnotes omitted).
{¶ 16} Cohen appeals from the grant of summary judgment on the existence of an arbitration agreement and the stay of this litigation, raising two assignment of error, which we will address together.
{¶ 17} I. “THE TRIAL COURT ERRED BY FAILING TO CONSTRUE THE FACTS IN A SUMMARY JUDGMENT MOTION MOST STRONGLY IN FAVOR OF THE NON-MOVING PARTY.”
{¶ 18} II. “THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN DETERMINING THAT A DOCUMENT, SIGNED BY ONLY ONE PARTY, AND SUBJECT TO CHANGES BY THAT PARTY WHICH WERE REJECTED BY THE OTHER PARTY CONSTITUTED A CONTRACT.”
{¶ 19} On appeal, Cohen asserts that the trial court failed to construe the evidence in the light most favorable to him, the non-moving party, and erred in concluding that he and G/C Contracting had entered into a contract which contained a mandatory arbitration clause.
{¶ 20} “In general, when reviewing whether a trial court has properly granted or denied a motion to stay proceedings and compel arbitration, the standard of review is abuse of discretion.” Holt Co. of Ohio v. Ohio Machinery Co., Franklin App. No. 05AP-1280, 2007-Ohio-2870, ¶ 14. However, the trial court in this case addressed the existence of a valid arbitration agreement by means of a motion for summary judgment.
{¶ 21} Although the court treated G/C Contracting‘s motion as one for summary judgment, the trial court was presented with little evidence in accordance with
{¶ 22} According to Cohen‘s affidavit, Cohen entered into a contract with G/C Contracting on October 4, 2003 to provide services and materials in connection with the Beavercreek fire station project. On October 23, 2003, G/C Contracting sent Cohen a draft written contract to review and sign. (Although Cohen did not attach a copy of the Contractor and Subcontractor Agreement to his affidavit, it is apparent that he was referring to the document attached to his amended complaint and to G/C Contracting‘s motions to dismiss.)
{¶ 23} Section 5 of the proposed Contractor and Subcontractor Agreement identified exhibits that were incorporated by reference and made part of the agreement, as follows:
{¶ 24} “EXHIBIT A: Subcontract Work: All Labor, Materials, Equipment, Supervision, and Coordination for the following: Architectural Miscellaneous Steel, Structural Steel, and Joists Per Specs Sections 05100,05200,05300,05500, and 05712
{¶ 25} “EXHIBIT B: Prime agreement, Drawings, Specifications, General, Special, Supplementary, and other conditions, and addenda.
{¶ 26} “EXHIBIT C: Progress Schedule as posted on site. (Attached or to follow by Contractor).
{¶ 27} “EXHIBIT D: Alternatives and Unit Prices include dates when alternates and unit prices no longer Apply. (None applicable)
{¶ 28} “EXHIBIT E: Insurance Provisions, Workman‘s Compensation. As required per Contractor agreement with Owner, and or $3,000,000.00 General Liability Bodily Injury naming G/C Contracting Corp. as additional insured.
{¶ 29} “EXHIBIT F: Bonds, N/A
{¶ 30} “EXHIBIT G: Subcontractor‘s Agreement Amendments, (Attached or to follow by Subcontractor).” (Emphasis added.)
{¶ 31} Section 13 of the proposed written contract governed claims and disputes. Section 13.1 provided that Cohen was required to give seven days written notice of all claims, and that “[a]ll unresolved claims, disputes and other matters in question between Contractor and Subcontractor shall be resolved in the manner provided in this Agreement.” Section 13.7 provided that the parties shall first endeavor to settle disputes through direct discussion. If direct discussion did not resolve the dispute, the dispute was to be submitted to mediation pursuant to the Construction Industry Mediation Rules of the American Arbitration Association. Section 13.8. If mediation was also unsuccessful, the contract required that the dispute be resolved by arbitration. Section 13.9. The costs of mediation were to be shared equally by the parties, and the prevailing party in arbitration was entitled to recover reasonable attorneys fees, costs and expenses from the other party. Section 13.10.
{¶ 32} Cohen averred that he prepared an Exhibit G pursuant to Section 5 of the
{¶ 33} (1) Section 13.1 be deleted and replaced with: “`CLAIMS RELATING TO ADDITIONAL COST LEVIED AGAINST CONTRACTOR‘. Subcontractor shall give Contractor written notice of all claims. Contractor shall in writing respond to Subcontractor[‘] s claim by issuing a change order for the additional products and or services in the form an add to contract in the amount of the claim within (3) days of Subcontractor‘s notice of claim: otherwise such claim shall be deemed approved as submitted and all rights of the Contractor to dispute claim are waived. Knowledge of facts giving rise to the event for which claim is made shall be deemed proprietary information of the subcontractor.”
{¶ 34} (2) Delete the following text from 13.10: “The cost of any mediation proceeding shall be shared equally by the parties participating.” Insert in its place: “The cost of any mediation proceeding shall be paid wholly by contractor and shall be considered non-recoverable. This shall include all subcontractor‘s legal fees at a rate of (not to exceed $350.00 per hour) and for a reasonable duration such, as is necessary, for resolution of claim.”
{¶ 35} According to Cohen, he returned the draft agreement with his changes to G/C Contracting in November or December 2003. The Contractor and Subcontractor Agreement attached by the parties indicates that Cohen signed the draft contract prior to returning it. Cohen states that Ronald D. Worrell of G/C Contracting later informed him that G/C Contracting “could not agree to the changes I had made, but that they would get back to me.” Cohen averred that he never heard further from G/C Contracting regarding the draft agreement “except to say
{¶ 36} Justin Conger‘s affidavit did not discuss the course of negotiations between the parties. Rather, it stated that Conger personally received the Contractor and Subcontractor Agreement when Cohen hand-delivered it to G/C Contracting. Conger further stated that the Contractor and Subcontractor Agreement attached to hi s affidavit was a true and correct copy of the contract that was handed to him by Cohen. Accordingly, G/C Contracting has not presented any evidence to dispute Cohen‘s version of the contractual negotiations between the parties.
{¶ 37} G/C Contracting contends that the “issue is not whether the written agreement signed by COHEN constitutes the written agreement that governs the relationship of the parties. Instead, the issue is simply whether the parties agreed to arbitrate any dispute arising between the parties.” (Emphasis sic). G/C Contracting argues that the proposed contract had a mandatory arbitration provision to which Cohen had agreed. Accordingly, G/C Contracting argues that the mandatory arbitration clause applies, even assuming as true that Cohen never accepted the proposed written contract and instead offered a counteroffer. G/C Contracting argues that the resulting implied contract included a mandatory arbitration provision.
{¶ 38} “`A contract is generally defined as a promise, or a set of promises, actionable
{¶ 39} As stated above, Cohen‘s affidavit states that, on October 4, 2003, Cohen and G/C Contracting entered into a contract where by Cohen would perform steel work on the Beavercreek fire station project.2 G/C Contracting has not discussed this October 4 exchange, and it did not provide any evidence to refute Cohen‘s assertion. Construing Cohen‘s undisputed evidence in his favor, the parties, at this juncture, had entered into a contract. The basic terms of the contract were set forth in Cohen‘s proposal, i.e., that he perform certain steel work for the fire station project at a specified price.
{¶ 40} After entering into a contract based on Cohen‘s proposal, G/C Contracting sent
{¶ 41} G/C Contracting asserts that, even if the Contractor and Subcontractor Agreement had not been executed, the parties entered into an implied-in-fact contract. In essence, G/C Contracting asserts that the terms of the draft Contractor and Subcontractor Agreement to which both parties had agreed became the terms of an implied-in-fact contract. G/C Contracting argues that, because Cohen did not contest the arbitration provision, that provision is binding. As G/C Contracting states: “GC CONTRACTING would submit that certain individual terms within the written contract may be relevant even if the entirety of the
{¶ 42} The elements of an implied contract are the same elements as an express agreement; there must be a definite offer, acceptance, and consideration. Garenz v. Nordson Corp. (1991), 68 Ohio App.3d 149, 587 N.E.2d 475. “An implied contract is a contract inferred by a court from the circumstances surrounding the transaction, making it a reasonable or necessary assumption that a contract exists between the parties by tacit understanding.” Criner v. Urologic Physicians Surgeons, Inc. (Dec. 15, 2000), Greene App. No. 2000-CA-28.
{¶ 43} As an initial matter, we reject G/C Contracting‘s assertion that Cohen is necessarily bound by the terms of the Contractor and Subcontractor Agreement to which he did not make changes. Absent some evidence that Cohen agreed to negotiate the terms of the proposed Contractor and Subcontractor Agreement piecemeal and that he agreed to be bound by the apparently acceptable terms despite disagreement over certain other terms, all of the terms of the Contractor and Subcontractor Agreement were merely proposed terms. Under common law principles, Cohen was not bound to any term absent mutual agreement to all of the material terms. Moreover, there is no evidence that Cohen — by his conduct — agreed to the terms of the proposed Contractor and Subcontractor Agreement generally and the arbitration provision specifically. Neither party has presented evidence that Cohen and G/C Contracting have engaged in a course of conduct whereby the parties implicitly agreed to arbitrate their disputes.
{¶ 44} Significantly, although Cohen did not make proposed alterations to the arbitration provision of the Contractor and Subcontractor Agreement (Section 13.9), Exhibit G contained several changes to Section 13, which addressed claims and dispute resolution. As
{¶ 45} In sum, viewing the facts in the light most favorable to Cohen, the record indicates that Cohen and G/C Contracting did not enter into a contract based on the Contractor and Subcontractor Agreement and, thus, the parties were not contractually bound by those terms. Moreover, the record is devoid of evidence that Cohen agreed to arbitrate his disputes with G/C Contracting in the absence of an express written agreement to that effect. Rather, the facts before us indicate that the contractual relationship was established on October 4, 2003, and the parties could not agree to terms to vary that relationship.
{¶ 46} Accordingly, the trial court erred when it granted summary judgment to G/C Contracting on the basis that a mandatory arbitration provision governed the dispute and when it stayed the litigation.
{¶ 47} The assignments of error are sustained.
{¶ 48} The judgment of the trial court will be reversed and the cause remanded for further proceedings.
FAIN, J. and GRADY, J., concur.