3 A.2d 184 | Pa. Super. Ct. | 1938
Argued October 6, 1938. This is an action in assumpsit brought by plaintiff, the beneficiary named in four policies of life insurance issued by the defendant company upon the life of her husband, to recover the sum of $1,758 by reason of provisions contained therein granting double indemnity in the event of the insured's accidental death.
The case was first tried before the late Judge CRANE, sitting without a jury, and resulted in a finding for plaintiff. From the judgment entered on this finding, defendant appealed to this court, which, in an opinion by Brother RHODES, reversed the judgment with a venire: Cockcroft v. Metropolitan Life Ins. Co.,
Under the accidental death benefit provisions of the policies, defendant company agreed to pay double indemnity, upon receipt of due proof that insured had sustained "bodily injuries solely through external, violent and accidental means, resulting, directly and independently of all other causes, in the death of the insured." *600 It was further provided, "No accidental death benefit will be paid if the death of the insured is the result of self-destruction, whether sane or insane, nor if death is caused or contributed to, directly or indirectly, or wholly or partially, by disease, or by bodily or mental infirmity."
At the trial of the case in the court below, the essential question of fact for determination was whether or not the death of the insured took place under the conditions set forth in the policies, so as to entitle the beneficiary to double indemnity.
The testimony indicates that on February 13, 1935, the insured had returned to his home from Temple University Hospital, where he had been for three weeks for observation and treatment. On the morning of February 16, 1935, he took breakfast in bed as he had done on the two preceding days, and came downstairs about 10:30 A.M. His wife and sister-in-law, Mrs. Berry, left the house about 11:30 to go on an errand. At the time, insured was sitting in his favorite chair in the living room reading the newspaper. About forty-five minutes after leaving the house, the two women returned and found the lower part of the house filled with gas. Rushing to the kitchen, Mrs. Cockcroft found her husband lying on one knee, his head on the floor, in front of the open oven-door of a gas range, one of the gas-cocks being open. Two doctors were summoned immediately, but upon their arrival, insured was dead.
Appellant assigns as error, the ruling of the court below, excluding from the evidence, the substance of the conversations which the deceased had with various persons a few hours before his death.
The proposition has been accepted in this state, that extra-judicial declarations made by a person who cannot be called as a witness, and relied upon solely to show an existing intention or state of mind of the declarant, are admissible in evidence as an exception to the rule of hearsay, provided such declarations appear *601
to have been made in a natural manner, not under circumstances of suspicion, and that they are material and relevant to the issue involved: Wigmore on Evidence (2d Ed.) Vol. 3, sec. 1725; Com. v.Trefethen,
It appears, therefore, that not all declarations manifesting an existing intention or state of mind are admissible in evidence, irrespective of their materiality or relevancy. In the instant case, nothing in the record presents the substance of the excluded declarations. Appellant states, in the brief, that decedent, having been asked by his wife before going out whether he wanted anything for lunch, had replied that he would broil himself some lamb chops which were in the ice-box. This, apparently, was the evidence introduced at the first trial of the case, but not offered anew at the second trial.
Moreover, the record does not show that any offer of *602
proof had been made following the trial judge's ruling on the objection to the admission of the substance of the conversation; nor does it appear of record for what purpose such conversation was sought to be included. "It is always the duty of the party making an offer, when its admissibility is challenged, to state the purpose in such a manner that the court may perceive its relevancy: Piper v. White,
Appellant's third assignment of error must be dismissed. No error is involved where, in order to avoid repetition of testimony, an objection to a particular question is sustained, the same or similar questions having already been answered:Clifford v. City of Phila.,
The fourth assignment of error relates to the charge of the court, which instructed the jury in part, as follows: "You have in evidence the certificates of death, the proof of death, and claimant's statement, and the affidavit made by Mrs. Cockcroft before the Coroner in which it is stated that the cause of death was `Inhalation of gas — suicide.'"
No such statement was made in the affidavit. Reference to the proof of death — claimant's statement and the certificate of death, both of which had been offered in evidence by appellant — discloses that in the proof of *603 death, sworn to by appellant, the cause of death is not stated. The only mention made is "See Certified copy," and in the certificate of death, the cause of death is stated as follows: "Carbon monoxide poisoning. Found in the kitchen of his home with gas oven burner turned on. Temp. deranged (suicide)."
Later in his charge, the trial judge discussed in detail both the proofs of death and the affidavit which appellant made before the coroner. This portion of the charge was strictly accurate, the earlier misstatement not having been repeated. Counsel for appellant took no exception to the charge of the court to which objection is now made nor did he call attention to the earlier misstatement of fact: Com. v. Norris,
The Supreme Court of this Commonwealth has held repeatedly that the charge must be considered as a whole, and unless, so considered, it is found to be misleading and prejudicial, there is no reversible error: Walters v. W. S. Life Ins. Co.,
Moreover, the exhibits referred to by the court in its charge, including appellant's affidavit, were sent out with the jury. Having those exhibits before it, the jury could not have been misled by the trial judge's earlier misstatement of the contents of appellant's affidavit: See Entwisle v. Carey, 9 Sadler, 423.
The fifth and sixth assignments of error relate to the scope of appellee's cross-examination of appellant's witnesses. A careful review of the record fails to reveal any abuse of the trial court's discretionary power in its control of the scope of the cross-examination; nor does it appear that any matters strictly of defense were permitted to be introduced thereby.
The assignments of error are dismissed and judgment is affirmed. *604
