127 N.W. 725 | N.D. | 1910
Plaintiff sues to recover ■ for the alleged conversion by ■defendant of 84 bushels of flax, 265 bushels of No. 1 hard wheat, and 307 bushels of Durham wheat which he claims to have delivered to defendant at its elevator at Grand Harbor,-this state, between the 7th and the 11th days of July, 1907. The defense amounts to a general •denial with a counterclaim for a small sum for elevator charges for handling the grain. The trial resulted in a verdict in plaintiff’s favor for $615.80. A motion for a new trial was made and denied, and judgment entered on such verdict. The appeal is both from the final judgment, and from the order denying the new trial.
The assignments of error number 65, but they are grouped and dismissed in the brief of appellant’s counsel under eight subdivisions or points. These will be noticed in the order presented.
1. Error is alleged in the admission of .certain evidence as to the •quantity of grain delivered by respondent to appellant, and the sufficiency of the evidence to show the quantity of grain, if any, so delivered is challenged. We discover no merit in either contention. Plaintiff was not restricted to the contents of defendant’s books in proving the delivery of the grain. He testified positively that he knew the amount of grain that he delivered at defendant’s elevator, that he delivered it personally, and saw it weighed, and he detailed the exact number of bushels of each kind of grain so delivered, which
2. It is next contended that the evidence as to the value of the grain was improperly received, and that the evidence to show the market price thereof is insufficient. The evidence objected to is in brief as follows: Plaintiff testified that he knew the highest market prices of grain at Grand Harbor between September 25, 1907, and the date of the trial, and he details such prices at $1.06J for No. 1 hard wheat, 88 cents for No. 1 Durham wheat, and $1.24 for flax. He says the highest market price was in October, but cannot fix the exact date. His-knowledge regarding prices is based on inquiries made at Grand Harbor and other places in that vicinity, also from general information obtained from the Minneapolis Journal and other newspapers. He testified that he watched the markets generally and read the market reports every day. He also testified: “1 have kept track of the price from time to time — inquired the price and read the papers and seen the market reports. I have made inquiries at different places, at Grand Harbor and Devils Lake. I am interested in the market, being a. considerable grower of grain. ... I had 10,000 bushels of wheat,, 1,000 bushels of flax, 4,000 bushels of barley, and 2,200 or 2,800* bushels of oats. I marketed the major part of that grain at Grand Harbor, and I was interested in the price of grain because I had grain to sell. ... I have inquired at the elevators the highest prices-between October and the present time, and read the Journal, and found what month it was the highest and what the highest price was.”1 Witness Emigh was shown qualified to testify as to prices at Grand Harbor in the month of October, and he fully corroborates plaintiff as to the highest price of wheat during that month. Witness Ness, agent for the Farmers’ Grain Company at Grand Harbor during the fall of 1907, fully corroborates plaintiff’s testimony as to prices at that time. There can be no doubt that this witness was shown to be fully qualified to testify upon the subject of prices.
It is a significant fact that defendant nowhere attempted to show that the prices were other .than as testified to by plaintiff and his witnesses, although it no doubt had in its possession at all times definite record, information upon the subject. While.it is true plaintiff had
3. It is next contended that “appellant should have been permitted to show its system and manner of transacting business at Grand Harbor, and that it had actually paid for the grain claimed to have been delivered to it by respondent.” We are unable to discover any merit to such contention. The rulings complained of relative to the admission of evidence regarding the system and manner of transacting business in defendant’s elevator at Grand Harbor, so far as they were adverse to appellant, were not excepted to, and there is nothing in the record, so far as we are able to discover, to justify appellant’s assumption that it was not permitted to show, if it could, that it had actually paid plaintiff for this grain. In fact, the exact reverse is true, but no competent evidence was offered to prove such payment, and there is not a scintilla of evidence of such payment in the record.
4. Appellant complains of the ruling of the court below in excluding offered testimony as to instructions given by defendant to its agent at Grand Harbor; and it also contends that certain evidence was erroneously received relative to certain methods of doing business adopted by its agent contrary to defendant’s instructions. A great deal of this class of testimony was introduced, but we are at a loss to-see how it was in any manner material to the issues involved. Private instructions from the principal to the agent not brought to the knowledge of plaintiff were clearly inadmissible, and in no way binding upon him. Furthermore, the cause of action is for conversion of this grain, the issues being whether, as a fact, such grain was delivered by plaintiff into defendant’s elevator, and, if so, whether defendant thereafter and prior to the commencement of the action wrongfully converted the same to its own use. If the grain was, in fact, delivered to defendant, the fact that the agent violated his principal’s instructions in any respect could in no manner exonerate the principal from liability, even though plaintiff had knowledge of such instructions. The
5. Under point 5 of appellant’s brief, counsel challenges the ruling of the trial court in admitting evidence of custom and usage at Grand Harbor relative to the matter of receiving grain at elevators by agents, and accounting therefor by the issuance of tickets later. We think such evidence was admissible, so far at least, as it related to the custom at defendant’s elevator at that place as it tended to explain and account for the fact that tickets were not issued nor demanded by plaintiff for each load of grain when delivered. Such evidence tended, for what it was worth, to corroborate plaintiff’s testimony that no tickets were in fact issued and delivered to him for the grain in question, but even conceding, for the sake of argument, that such evidence was inadmissible, we fail to see how its introduction was prejudicial to appellant. That plaintiff in fact delivered the grain at the defendant’s elevator as claimed by him is not seriously controverted. In fact, no evidence was offered by defendant to refute plaintiff’s testimony on this point. We are agreed that no prejudicial error was committed by the trial court in admitting this class of testimony. Hence the assignments of error based on the admission thereof must be overruled.
6. It is appellant’s sixth contention that Exhibits 4, 5, 6, and 7 offered in evidence by appellant should have been received. These exhibits are wheat tickets issued or purporting on their face to have been issued to plaintiff in June preceding the delivery of the grain in question, and representing other grain delivered at this elevator by plaintiff, about which there is no controversy. Plaintiff admitted that his name signed to the receipt on Exhibit 4 is his genuine signature. It is appellant’s contention, in brief, that at least Exhibit 4 was competent for the purpose of showing the system of appellant, its method of doing business, and the manner in which these parties had transacted business in the past to plaintiff’s knowledge, also as tending to
It is also earnestly insisted both in appellant’s brief and in oral argument, that Exhibit 4 was admissible for another reason, to wit, to aid the jury in determining whether Exhibits 8, 9, 10, and 11, which purport to represent the grain in question and which also contain receipts for payment of such grain purporting to have been signed by plaintiff, are genuine or mere forgeries. Thus we have fairly presented for decision the question whether an instrument concededly bearing the genuine signature of a party is admissible solely for the purpose of comparison of handwritings in order to prove the genuineness of a disputed signature. It is contended by respondent’s counsel that such testimony was merely cumulative and therefore its rejection not prejudicial, as two other instruments were in evidence, concededly bearing plaintiff’s genuine signature. Eor the purpose of settling in this jurisdiction a much mooted and important question of practice, we shall assume, without deciding, that respondent’s contention as above stated is not tenable.
Hpon the question here raised the authorities are in irreconcilable conflict. It would serve no useful purpose to review at length in this ■opinion the many cases upon the subject. They may be found collated in the valuable notes to the cases of Mississippi Lumber & Coal Co. v. Kelly, 19 S. D. 577, 104 N. W. 265, 9 A. & E. Ann. Cas. 449, and University of Illinois v. Spalding, 71 N. H. 163, 62 L.R.A. 817, 51 Atl. 731. See also 15 Am. & Eng. Enc. Law, 2d ed. pp. 267, 268, and 3 Supp. thereto, p. 382, and cases cited; 6 Enc. Ev. p. 410; 2 Elliott, Ev. § 1105; 3 Wigmore, Ev. §§ 1994, 2001-2016. Three distinct rules seem to prevail under the authorities. As stated in 2
Applying the above rule to the case at bar, it follows that it was error to exclude Exhibit 4, but not Exhibits 5, 6, or 7. The ruling, however, was not prejudicial. We have made a personal comparison.
The remaining assignments are wholly devoid of merit, and require no discussion. The instructions of the court to the jury were very full and fair, and we think stated the law correctly.
One other matter remains to be noticed. While not mentioned in the printed brief, the distinguished counsel who argued the case orally for appellant in this court earnestly contended that, if any conversion of the grain was proved, it was shown to have occurred in the latter part of October, and not in September, and that the evidence wholly fails to establish the highest market price of such grain thereafter, but merely tends, at the most, to show that the highest market price thereof was some time in October. A sufficient answer to such contention is the fact that such question was not raised in the court below. Furthermore, the learned trial court expressly instructed the jury that such conversion took place, if .at all, on September 25, 1907, and no exception was saved thereto. Such instruction, therefore, whether right or wrong, is now the law of. the case.
We find no prejudicial error in the record. The judgment and order are accordingly affirmed.