In 2005, James Coady filed a voluntary bankruptcy petition under Title 11, Chapter 7 of the United States Code. In 2006, D.A.N. Joint Venture III, L.P. (“D.A.N. III”) initiated an adversary proceeding to contest the discharge of Coad/s debts under 11 U.S.C. § 727(a)(2)(A). In 2008, the bankruptcy court granted D.A.N. Ill’s motion for “an order correcting the name of the Plaintiff’ to D.A.N. Joint Venture, L.P. (“D.A.N.”) and entered a final judgment sustaining D.A.N.’s objection to discharge. 1 The district court affirmed the bankruptcy court’s orders in their entirety, and Coady now appeals.
I. BACKGROUND
This case arises from D.A.N.’s attempts to recover as the assignee of a 1991 judgment for $290,000 entered against Coady in Connecticut. Coady had formerly been a successful real estate developer with a net worth of approximately $10 million, but an economic downturn left him $27 million in debt. While so indebted, Coady married, moved into his wife’s house, drove a car leased in her name, and for over ten years worked exclusively as an “uncompensated independent contractor” for business entities under her sole ownership. He drew no salary, 2 but his wife allowed him to write checks in her name on the businesses’ accounts to pay personal expenses. She also paid for his country club and golf club memberships, the latter of which he used to promote a golf consulting and marketing business that she owned. Although Coady had neither income nor an individual bank account, in 1999 he personally executed a $164,000 promissory note to fund a real estate development for one of the businesses.
In 2004, D.A.N. sued Coady in Connecticut to recover the $290,000 judgment. Coady filed his petition for bankruptcy in Florida before the conclusion of those proceedings. Even though D.A.N. was the assignee of the underlying judgment, D.A.N. III, one of D.A.N.’s related entities, initiated this adversary proceeding, claiming that Coady had “concealed” an equitable interest in his wife’s businesses under § 727(a)(2)(A) of the Bankruptcy Code, which provides:
The court shall grant the debtor a discharge, unless — ...
(2) the debtor, with intent to hinder, delay, or defraud a creditor or an officer of the estate charged with custody of property under this title, has transferred, removed, destroyed, mutilated, or concealed, or has permitted to be *1315 transferred, removed, destroyed, mutilated, or concealed—
(A) property of the debtor, within one year before the date of the filing of the petition....
11 U.S.C. § 727(a). Coady appeals the denial of his discharge under this section.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
In bankruptcy appeals, we independently examine the bankruptcy court’s factual and legal determinations, applying the same standards of review as the district court.
In re Sublett,
III. DISCUSSION
On appeal, Coady denies that he had any equitable interest in his wife’s property and argues, in any event, that such an interest could not constitute “property of the debtor” under § 727(a)(2)(A). He also contends that he could not have “concealed” assets from D.A.N. within the one-year look-back period of § 727(a)(2)(A) because D.A.N. had already learned about his alleged equitable interests during the Connecticut litigation. Finally, Coady challenges various orders of the bankruptcy court giving D.A.N. III additional time to file its first complaint, allowing it to file three amended complaints, and allowing it to “substitute” D.A.N. as the plaintiff.
We agree with the district court that the bankruptcy court correctly denied Coady’s discharge.
To successfully object to a discharge under § 727(a)(2)(A), a creditor must establish (1) that the act complained of was done within one year prior to the date the petition was filed, (2) with actual intent to hinder, delay, or defraud a creditor, (3) that the act was that of the debtor, and (4) that the act consisted [of] transferring, removing, destroying, or concealing any of the debtor’s property.
Jennings,
We reject Coady’s argument that diverting the fruits of his labor to avoid acquiring assets was not a transfer or concealment under § 727(a)(2). Coady “was the sole person actually and actively involved in the [businesses,] and [their] success depended solely on his continued efforts.”
In re Frumovitz,
Coady also challenges the bankruptcy court’s conclusion that an equitable interest in businesses he never legally owned could constitute “property of the debtor” within the scope of § 727(a)(2)(A). The bankruptcy estate, however, broadly includes “all legal or equitable interests of the debtor in property as of the commencement of the case.” 11 U.S.C. § 541(a)(1). Equitable interests may more typically be retained following a legal transfer than acquired through other means,
see, e.g., In re Espino,
We are similarly unpersuaded by Coady’s argument that he could not have concealed assets from a creditor who knew of their existence more than a year before the petition was filed. The doctrine of continuing concealment provides for situations like this, in which a debtor has kept his assets out of a creditor’s reach during the look-back period by means of a sham ownership arrangement established more than one year before the bankruptcy petition was filed.
See In re Gonzalez,
Finally, we reject Coady’s arguments concerning the bankruptcy court’s alleged procedural errors. We review that court’s rulings on motions for an extension of time to object to discharge, motions for leave to amend, and motions to substitute the plaintiff for an abuse of discretion.
See In re Ballas,
*1317 In light of our conclusion that the bankruptcy court did not err in denying Coa-dy’s discharge under § 727(a)(2)(A) or abuse its discretion otherwise, the district court’s order is
AFFIRMED.
Notes
. D.A.N. Ill also filed a § 727(a)(3) objection, which the bankruptcy court overruled, but D.A.N. has not appealed to this court, and we therefore need not address the merits of that objection.
. Coady did apparently receive $5,000 per month in consulting fees from one of the businesses in 2005.
. Coady argues that he added no value to the businesses, but even worthless assets may not be concealed from creditors in bankruptcy.
Cf. In re Chalik,
. We also note that Coady personally executed the $164,000 promissory note for the benefit of one of his wife’s businesses, and we would ordinarily expect such a transaction to give him some interest in the company's assets, as either a lender or a contributor of capital.
. With respect to the substitution of D.A.N. for D.A.N. Ill as the plaintiff, Coady has not included in the record on appeal a transcript of the bankruptcy court’s hearing on D.A.N. Ill's motion to "correct” its name. We will not speculate as to potential errors in the bankruptcy court’s findings or conclusions when the appellant has failed to include the
*1317
relevant evidence in the record.
McGinnis v. Gustafson,