Lead Opinion
In thе early afternoon of December 30, 1952, defendant owned and was driving a 1952 Pontiac two-door sedan equipped with a Hydramatic transmission controlled by a lever under the steering wheel. Seated next to her was her cousin, Duncan, and sitting next to Duncan on the outside was plaintiff. The car was stopped on the street near the curb in front of the home of Prances G. Hunsicker in the city of Akron. By prearrangement the four women planned to visit a Girl Sсout camp in defendant’s automobile and later attend a social affair. Plaintiff left the car to summon Hunsicker. The latter indicated from her home that she was ready, whereupon plaintiff returned to the car with the intention of occupying the rear seat and allowing the other three women to occupy the front seat. To enable plaintiff to push forward one side of the divided back of the front seat and reach the rear seat, defendant got ont of the automobile on the driver’s side, leaving the motor running and failing to set the hand brake, and the deduc
On the trial of the action, the trial court, apparently following the сase of Eshelman v. Wilson,
Section 120, Chapter 24 of the Code of the City of Akron, was admitted in evidence and reads as follows:
“The motor or engine of a motor vehicle or motorcycle shall not be run or permitted to run when such vehicle or motorcycle is standing in any street or highway unless there is a competent person in charge of and in and upon said motor vehicle or motorcycle.”
With reference to the quoted ordinance, the court told the jury that if a violation thereof on the part of defendant was proved by the greater weight of the evidence, she was negligent as a matter of law.
Also left to the jury for its determination, in a special instruction and in the general charge, was the question of proximate cause.
Applicable Section 6308-6, General Code (Section 4515.02, Revised Code), reads as follows:
‘ ‘ The owner, opеrator or person responsible for the operation of a motor vehicle shall not be liable for loss or damage arising from injuries to or death of a guest while being transported without payment therefor in or upon said motor vehicle, resulting from the operation thereof, unless such injuries or death are caused by the willful or wanton misconduct of such operator, owner or person responsible for the operation оf said motor vehicle.”
In the absence of the so-called guest statute, the general rule is that the person operating or responsible for the operation of a motor vehicle must use reasonable and ordinary care for the safety of a guest therein and is liable for injuries proximately caused by negligence in the handling of the vehicle. 60 Corpus Juris Secundum, 977, Motor Vehicles, Section 399 (1).
Guest statutes, like the one in Ohio, being in derogаtion of the common law, are to be strictly, albeit reasonably, construed. Miller v. Fairley,
In relation to the instant case the key words in Section 6308-6, General Code, are, “while being transported * * * in or upon said motor vehicle.’'’ (Emphasis supplied.)
The word, “transport,” in its ordinary and accepted meaning implies movement — the carrying or conveying of persons or things from one place to another.
In the opinion of a majority of this court, when plaintiff left defendant’s automobile to summon Hunsicker, she temporarily, at least, removed herself from the category of one being transported in or upon a motor vehicle and would not have resumed a guest status until she again entered the car. As the facts show, she never got that far.
To reach a contrary conclusion, it is necessary to supply
Strongly supporting our position is the recent case of Boyd v. Cress, 46 Cal. (2d), 164,
“This consistent line of authority establishes the rule that the рrotection of the guest statute extends only to injuries suffered ‘during the ride’ in the sense that the plaintiff remained in or upon the vehicle at the time of the accident. After the guest steps out of the automobile, he enters into a pedestrian or other nonguest status. # # * It is not important that the parties ’ intentions indicate that the plaintiff’s nonguest status will exist only for a momentary interlude. When he departs from the host’s automobile, even momentarily, the ‘guest’ is entitled to hold the host-driver to the same standard of conduct as a stranger.”
In other cases, more or less resembling the instant one as to facts, different courts have reached different conclusions depending to a large extent on the precise circumstances involved and upon the peculiar wording of the guest statutes in force in the particular jurisdictions. Most of the cases on the subject are collected in the annоtation in 50 A. L. R. (2d), 974, where a variety of holdings will be found.
In the case at bar, we think the trial court correctly determined that plaintiff was not a guest within the meaning of the Ohio guest statute, strictly construed, at and immediately before the time she was injured, and that the rule of ordinary negligence was properly applied. Vest v. Kramer, supra.
Defendant insists that Section 120, Chapter 24 of the Code of the City of Akron, above quoted, is unconstitutional, invalid
As we read the ordinance, the violation of which carries a penalty, it is plain and unambiguous, was within the power of' the municipality to enact, and in definite and understandable language prohibits a specifically described practice which could imperil the safety of others. The word, “competent,” as used in the ordinance is one of common usage and its meaning is familiar to the average person.
Besides, in its general charge, the court told the jury:
“In this ease a competent person is one who is able or qualified mentally and physically and through experience to operate said vehicle. In charge of, means to have the care of or the control of.”
There arе many statutes relating to vehicles which resemble in purpose and intent the ordinance in issue. For example, compare Sections 6307-30, 6307-67, 6307-71 and 6307-101, General Code (Sections 4511.30, 4511.69, 4511.73 and 4513.29, Revised Code). And a number of municipalities have enacted ordinances similar to the one existing in Akron.
“Under an authority to regulate the movement of vehicles on the public streets, it may be made unlawful to leave a motor vehicle unattended on the public street with its motor running or without first setting the brakes.” 60 Corpus Juris Secun-dum, 145, Motor Vehicles, Section 28f.
In the third paragraph of the syllabus of. Eisenhuth v. Moneyhon,
“Where there exists a legislative enactment commanding or prohibiting for the safety of others the doing of a specific act and there is a violation of such enactment solely by one whose duty it is to obey it, such violation constitutes negligence per se.”
It is our view that the ordinance in question is valid and was properly admitted in evidence, and that the instructions with respect thereto in relation to defendant were correct.
Neither do we think there is any real merit in the claim that the trial court erred in permitting counsel for plaintiff to elicit from defendant on cross-examinаtion that she was served with a citation from the Akron Municipal Court charging her with violation of the above-quoted ordinance, growing out of the incident wherein plaintiff was injured, and that through her attorney she pleaded guilty to the offense charged. In support of this position, attention is directed to the ninth paragraph of the syllabus in the case of Freas v. Sullivan,
“A plea of guilty by an alleged tort-feasor to a charge of reckless driving, predicated uрon a collision in which a person was injured, is admissible in an action brought against him by the party injured.”
See, also, annotations, 31 A. L. R., 261, 278; 130 A. L. R., 690, 699; and 18 A. L. R. (2d), 1287, 1307.
Now as to defendant’s remaining contention that the question of proximate cause as to her was improperly submitted to the jury. It is elementary that in an action to recover compensation for the consequences of a claimed negligent act, liability is dependent, first, upon a showing of negligence and, second, upon proof that such negligence was a proximate cause of the result.
The term, “proximate cause,” is often difficult of exact definition as applied to the facts of a particular case. However, it is generally true that, where an original act is wrongful or negligent and in a natural and continuous sequence produces a result which would not have taken place without the act, proximate cause is established, and the fact that some other act unites with the original act to cause injury does not relieve the initial offender from liability.
In the case before us, it is clear that defendant deliberately left her automobile with the motor running. The unfortunate incidents which followed could logically be attributed to this act as the dominant and primary cause thereof — the proxi
Ordinarily, the existence of both negligence and proximate cause are, in a jury trial, questions of fact for the determination of the jury under proper instructions from the court; and we think the trial court here correctly left the element of proximate cause to the jury. By its answer to a special interrogatory and by its verdict it found defendant negligent in leaving her car with the motor running in violation of the ordinance, and that such negligence was the proximate cause of plaintiff’s injuries. Such findings, in our opinion, are supportable by the evidence.
We have examined the special instruction on proximate cause given the jury before argument at plaintiff’s request and the court’s general charge on that subject and are satisfied that they were substantially correct and not prejudicial to the defendant.
Defendant neither pleads nor raises the issue of contributory negligence, nor is any claim made that the amount of the verdict is excessive.
No error being discernible in the judgment of the Court of Appeals, such judgment is affirmed.
Judgment affirmed.
Dissenting Opinion
dissenting. I concur in the paragraphs of the syllabus as stated, relating to the guest statute, but must dissent from the opinion and judgment of the majority because of the premise on which paragraph two of the syllabus is based. That paragraph states in substance that the guest statute is ordinarily without application where the guest has alighted
As stated in the majority opinion, the hey words of Section 6308-6, General Code (Section 4515.02, Revised Code), are, “while being transported * * * in or upon said motor vehicle.”
In 60 Corpus Juris Secundum, 996, Motor Vehicles, Section 399 (3), it is stated:
“Such [guest] statutes, being in derogation of the common law, must be strictly construed against the host and liberally construed in favor of the guest. Although they should be construed with their intеnt and purpose in view, and consideration given to all the language employed, they should not be extended beyond correction of the evils and attainment of the social objects which it may be assumed were the inducing reasons for their enactment or so restricted as to defeat or impair those purposes.'’’’ (Emphasis added.)
Among cases from various jurisdictions cited under this statement is the case of Miller v. Fairley,
“2. Statutes are to be read in the light of attendant circumstances and conditions, and are to be construed as they were intended to be understood, when they were passed.
“3. The language of a statute, designed to give a substantial remedy for an admitted evil, should be given a fair construction in order to advance the remedy and correct the evil sought to be abated; but if the General Assembly has not made the remedy cоextensive with the evil by the terms of the act, a court cannot do so by construction.”
Although that case turned on the question of payment for the transportation (which, of course, is not involved here), I am impressed with the logic of that decision. Reference is therein made (page 336) to the case of Duncan v. Hutchinson,
In referring to the Duncan case, the court in the opinion in the Miller case said (page 336), “This court believes that a proper test was applied in the construction of the statute in question in that case аnd must, likewise, be applied to the facts in this ease.” Granting that the question in issue in both the above cited eases was one of whether payment took the injured party out of the ‘guest’ category, nevertheless a test was applied to the facts in each case. What have we here?
Each defendant in her answer (as read by the trial court in its charge to the jury) alleges certain acts by Lemen at a time when plaintiff was re-entering said automobile with her body partly in and partly out thereof. These allegations are denied in the general denial of plaintiff’s reply, but on the direct examination of the plaintiff Clinger she testified that she had her hand on the back of the front seat and that she removed it to get her balance and separate herself from the car after it started in motion. The serious injury to her leg did not occur, of course, until the car was moving forward after hаving backed up a considerable distance. On cross-examination, Clinger testified that she had her hand on the back seat attempting to pull it forward.
It is quite apparent from the analysis of the testimony of Clinger that although her feet were still on the ground she had been and was making an effort to get into the back seat of the car by attempting to move the front seat forward when the car started in motion backwards, at which time she attempted to extricate herself from contact with the car.
In view of all these circumstances, it is my view that she had resumed her status as a guest within the meaning of the statute. It would seem a far more sensible rule to hold that, where the intent of all the parties is to resume the transportation, and where a person who having been a guest until getting out of the car has any part of his body “in or upon” the car for resumption of the trip, he thereby re-establishes his status аs a guest.
Paragraph two of the syllabus states:
“One who extends her arm over a fence dividing her own premises from those of another is a trespasser, though her body remains on her own side of the fence. ’ ’
In the opinion we find this sage statement:
“It is one of the oldest rules of property known to the law that the title of the owner of the soil extends, not only downward to the center оf the earth, but upward usque ad coelum, although it is, perhaps, doubtful whether owners as quarrelsome as the parties in this case will ever enjoy the usufruct of their property in the latter direction. The maxim, “ubi pars est ibi est totuvn,” — that where the greater part is, there is the whole, — does not apply to the person of a trespasser, and the court and jury could therefore not be expected to enter into any inquiry as to the side of the boundary line upon which plaintiff prepоnderated, as she reached over the fence top. It was enough that she thrust her hand or arm across the boundary to technically authorize the defendant to demand that she cease the intrusion * *
The reasoning of that opinion should be persuasive in the instant case.
The majority opinion leans strongly on the case of Boyd v. Cress, 46 Cal. (2d), 164,
Reference is also made to the case of Vest, a Minor, v. Kramer,
It is true the Legislature could have used more comprehensive language such as that contained in insurance policies (see Madden v. Farm Bureau Mutual Automobile Ins. Co.,
It is also my view that the jury should have been charged generally with respect to the guest statute as requested by both defendants, although I do not take the position that special requests Nos. 1 and 2 as presented by defendant Lemen should
Stewart and Taut, JJ., concur in the foregoing dissenting opinion.