Lead Opinion
OPINION
Clifton Spencer pled no contest to the murder of Stacy Stanton. The district court dismissed Spencer’s subsequent petition for a writ of habeas corpus as untimely, and he now appeals. Although for different reasons than those relied upon by the district court, we also conclude that Spencer’s petition was untimely. Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the district court.
I.
Stacy Stanton was found dead on her living room floor on Februаry 3, 1990. She was sprawled on her mattress, with over sixteen stab wounds to her body. J.A. 349-52. Based on information that Spencer planned to visit the victim on the night of her murder, police questioned Spencer, who made numerous incriminating statements. J.A. 176-78, 356-62. Spencer was later indicted for first-degree murder, and the prosecutor announced his intention to seek the death penalty. J.A. 196.
On January 9, 1991, based on advice from his mother and his attorney, Spencer pled no contest to a charge of second-degree murder, the sentence for which was life imprisonment. Thereafter, Spencer filed a motion for appropriate relief (MAR) in North Carolina state court, in which he raised several claims, including ineffective assistance of counsel. After an evidentia-ry hearing, the court denied the MAR, and the North Carolina Court of Appeals subsequently denied Spеncer’s certiorari petition. J.A. 51, 75.
Spencer did not pursue further collateral relief for almost three years following the Court of Appeals’ June 3, 1994, denial of certiorari. Then, on April 23, 1997, Spencer filed a second MAR in Dare County Superior Court. Based on the statement of a witness who had contacted his attorney in July 1995, nearly two years earlier, Spencer alleged in his second MAR that the state, in violation of Brady v. Maryland,
Because Spencer had not filed his second «motion for appropriate relief until the day bеfore the one-year limitations period
Following the state evidentiary hearing on Spencer’s Brady claim, the state court denied Spencer’s second MAR on April 24, 1998. J.A. 128-30. On May 6,1998, Spencer filed a motion for preparation of a transcript, and, on May 13, 1998, a certiorari petition to the North Carolina Court of Appeals together with a motion to amend the petition after receipt of the transcript. J.A. 132-38. Several weeks later, the Court of Appeals dismissed the petition without prejudice to refile after receipt of the transcript. J.A. 193. Spencer eventually received the transcript and, on September 18, 1998, filed a motion for ruling on a claim of newly discovered evidence, which was denied on December 9, 1998. J.A. 140-44,191.
Spencer then filed a certiorari petition to the North Carolina Court of Appеals on December 18, 1998. That court denied the petition on January 13, 1999, thus exhausting Spencer’s state remedies. J.A. 192. And, six days later, on January 19, 1999, Spencer filed a petition for a writ of habe-as corpus in federal district court pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254, in which he claimed that his counsel was ineffective and that the prosecution failed to disclose exculpatory evidence. J.A. 12-38.
The federal district court held that Spencer’s habeаs petition was untimely because the one-year statute of limitations applicable to habeas petitions in the federal courts was not tolled during the more than fifteen days that elapsed between the various denials of Spencer’s claims and the resulting filings of appeal over the course of his pursuit of his second MAR. Thus, reasoned the district court, even though the statute of limitations was equitably tolled for fourtеen days, Spencer was still tardy in the filing of his habeas petition. J.A. 406-12, 424-25. This appeal followed.
II.
The timeliness of Spencer’s habeas petition is governed by the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (AEDPA).
A 1-year period of limitation shall apply to an application for writ of habeas corpus by a pеrson in custody pursuant to the judgment of a State court. The limitation period shall run from the latest of—
(A) the date on which the judgment became final by the conclusion of direct review or the expiration of the time for seeking such review....
28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1). For prisoners like Spencer, whose criminal convictions preceded enactment of the AEDPA, the limitations period began to run with the AED-PA’s effective date on April 24, 1996, and ended on April 24, 1997. Hernandez v. Caldwell,
Hеre, as noted, the district court equitably tolled the AEDPA’s one-year limita
If the district court was incorrect in its decision not to tоll the statute during the fifteen or more total days between the state denials of Spencer’s claims and Spencer’s appeals from those denials, then Spencer’s habeas petition was timely filed, assuming the court was correct in its decision to equitably toll the statute of limitations for fourteen days. Paradoxically, however, if the district court was incorrect not only in its decision not to toll during the so-called “gaps” betweеn state proceedings, but also in its decision equitably to toll the statute for the fourteen days to accommodate the ordinary mails, then the court was correct in its ultimate conclusion that Spencer’s petition was untimely.
For the reasons that follow, we hold that the district court actually did err in both of its tolling decisions, and therefore that Spencer had only one day after the final disposition of his second state MAR in which to file his federal habeas petition. Because he filed his habeas petition six days after the state court finally disposed of his motion, his petition was, in fact, untimely.
A.
As to the district court’s decision not to toll the statute of limitations during the times between a state court’s denial of Spencer’s claims and Spencer’s appeal from that denial, the AEDPA provides as follows: 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(2). The district court held that this provision only authorizes the tolling of the statute during times when an application for relief was literally pending in a state tribunal and does not authorize tolling during times between the denial of a claim by a state court and the appeal from that denial. Although it was entirely reasonable for the district court to have so held, we held subsequent to the district court’s decision, in Hernandez v. Caldwell, that the limitations period is tolled from the time an application for state рost-conviction or other collateral review is initially filed until it is finally disposed of by the state courts, including during times between denials of claims and appeals.
The time during which a properly filed application for State post-conviction or other collateral review with respect to the pertinent judgment or claim is pending shall not be counted toward any period of limitation under this subsection.
B.
Because the district court erred in not tolling the statute of limitations during the gaps between the various North Carolina state court denials of Spencer’s claims and Spencer’s appeals from those denials, Spencer’s habeas petition was timely filed unless the distriсt court also erred in its decision to toll the statute equitably for fourteen days following the state court’s final disposition of Spencer’s second motion for appropriate relief. If the court erred in this latter regard as well, then of course Spencer had only one day remaining after the state court’s final disposition of his second MAR in which to file his federal habeas petition, and, because he did not file until six days after that disposition, his petition was untimely.
“[A]ny invocation of equity to relieve the strict application of a statute of limitations must be guarded and infrequent, lest circumstances of individualized hardship supplant the rules of clearly drafted statutes.” Harris v. Hutchinson,
The district court equitably tolled the statute of limitations because Spencer waited until the final day of AEDPA’s one-year limitations period before filing his second state motion for appropriаte relief, thus allowing himself but a single day after the state court’s final disposition in which to file his federal habeas petition-an insufficient amount of time within which for Spencer to receive notice of the decision via the ordinary mail. J.A. 125-26. Even assuming arguendo that an inordinate delay in the delivery of the mail could be so regarded, we do not believe that the ordinary time that it takes to deliver the mail can be regarded as a “circumstance! ] external to [a] party’s own conduсt” within the contemplation of the equitable tolling doctrine. Cf. Sandvik v. United States,
Even were we inclined to recognize equitable tolling to accommodate the time ordinarily necessary to deliver the mail, we would be disinclined to extend the doctrine under the circumstances with which wе are presented here. That Spencer had only one day remaining in the limitations period is solely the result of his own strategic decision not to file his MAR until the final day before the one-year federal limitations period expired. Were it not for Spencer’s own delay, the time needed for ordinary mail delivery almost certainly would not have affected the timeliness of his habeas petition. Moreover, not only did Sрencer wait until the eleventh hour to file his second state motion; he did not file that second motion for almost two years after first learning of the information upon which he now bases his principal claim. J.A. 79 (affidavit of Barbara McGuinness, a witness whose statements the police allegedly withheld in violation of Brady) (“Upon reading about Clifton [Spencer’s] case in the Virginian Pilot Newspaper on July 4, 1995, I contacted attorney Edgаr Barnes [Spencer’s attorney] and told him about the facts stated above.”); see also Appellant’s Reply Br. at 7 (conceding that Spencer learned of witness information in 1995).
Indeed, it is apparent that Spencer has delayed at every juncture of his post-plea, state and federal proceedings. Although the criminal judgment against Spencer became final when he pled no contest to second-degree murder in January 1991, he waited over a year, until April 1992, to file
CONCLUSION
Because the district court erred in not tolling the AEDPA’s statute of limitations during the times between the various denials of Spencer’s claims and his appeals from those denials while he pursued his state court remedies, but also erred in its fourteen-day tolling of the statute in equity, Spencer had only one day following the denial оf his second certiorari petition by the North Carolina Court of Appeals in which to file his federal habeas petition. Spencer’s filing of his habeas petition six days after the final disposition of his second state MAR, accordingly, was untimely. The judgment of the district court is therefore affirmed.
AFFIRMED.
Notes
. The Supreme Court held in Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 484,
[wjhen the district court denies a habeas petition on procedural grounds without reaching the prisoner’s underlying constitutional claims, a COA [сertificate of appeala-bility] should issue when the pridbner shows, at least, that jurists of reason would find it debatable whether the petition states a valid claim of the denial of a constitutional right and that jurists of reason would find it debatable whether the district court was correct in its procedural ruling.
We assume for purposes of this appeal that the requirements of Slack for the issuance of a COA are satisfied.
. Spencer claims that the police withheld statements taken from witnesses Barbara McGuiness and Dawn Beacham about a protracted public argument between Stacy Stanton, her boyfriend, Mike Brandon, and his mistress, Patty Rowe, on the night before Stanton was killed. J.A. 18. The state court held that the statements given to police were not exculpatory and that Spencer failed to show that discovery of the statements would have caused him to change his plea. J.A. 128-30. While wе need not decide the merits of Spencer’s Brady claim, the fairest inference based on the transcript of the hearing in state court is that, at most, the two witnesses told police about threats of some kind toward the victim, but not about death threats. J.A. 160, 163, 165, 182-83, 187. Furthermore, the record indicates that Spencer already knew about tension and conflict between the victim and her boyfriend on the night before the murder. J.A. 167-69.
Dissenting Opinion
dissenting:
Because of Spencer’s detrimental reliance on the fourteen-day extension granted by the district court’s Order of February 3, 1998, he is entitled to invoke the “unique circumstances” exception to the jurisdictional bar his untimely claim would otherwise present. I would therefore vacate the dismissal of Spencer’s petition, and I would remand his case for further consideration.
I.
The majority correctly concludes that the district court erroneously tolled the AEDPA one-year statute of limitations to account for delays inherent in the delivery of the mail. Ante, at 630. Indeed, an ordinary delay in mail delivery cannot be regarded as a “circumstance! ] external to [a] party’s own conduct” within the meaning of equitable tolling. Ante, at 629. In my view, however, the inquiry should not end there.
A.
Spencer’s state petition was filed in time to toll the AEDPA one-year statute of limitations — exactly one day before it expired. Later recognizing that slow mail delivery might cause the anticipated federal petition to be untimely, Spencer sought and received a fourteen-day extension from the district court (providing him, after exhaustion of his state post-conviction remedies, a putative total of fifteen days within which to file his federal petition). Spencer reasonably relied on the extension Order — and that reliance was fatal. My friend Judge Luttig, in considering Spencer’s habitual dilatoriness, has concluded that Spencer does not have “a special call on equity.” Ante, at 631. I respectfully disagree. Had the extension Order not been granted, Spencer could otherwise have filed his petition in a timely manner. His detrimental reliance on the extension Order therefore presents a compelling case for the exercisе of our jurisdiction under the “unique circumstances” doctrine.
B.
The Supreme Court, for over thirty-five years, has recognized our power to equitably alter jurisdictional deadlines when a litigant has detrimentally relied on a court order or statement. In Thompson v. INS, 375 U.S. 384,
The Supreme Court acknowledged that, under a literal application of the rules, Thompson’s appeal was untimely because the tardy post-trial motions were ineffective to toll the sixty-day period for filing the appeal. The Court held, however, that since the petitioner “filed the appeal within the assumedly new deadline but beyond the old deadline .... ‘unique circumstances’” mandated that the appeal be deemed timely. Id. at 387,
Given his detrimental reliance on the extension Order, Spencer presents an equally compelling case of “unique circumstances.” Indeed, this exception has been used widely by appellate courts to hear otherwise untimely appeals. Wolfsohn v. Hankin,
While the validity of the unique circumstances doctrine has been sometimes called into doubt, its vitality continues to be reсognized. United States v. Heller,
Furthermore, proscriptions properly placed on the unique circumstances doctrine have no application here. In this situation, Spencer received specific assurance from the extension Order, unchallenged by the State of North Carolina, that the statute would be tolled for fourteen additional days. Cf. Moore v. South Carolina Labor Bd.,
Spencer’s reliance on an explicit and valid court ordеr should not render his habe-as corpus petition unreviewable. In the unusual situation presented here, I believe Spencer to be entitled to consideration of his petition. I respectfully dissent.
Indeed, we have acknowledged that equitable tolling is available in some situations. Harris v. Hutchinson,