By the Court,
Savage, Ch. J.
The question is presented whether enough is set forth to shew that the justice had jurisdiction of the cause. The only allegations going to shew jurisdiction are, the fact that judgment was rendered in an action of debt, and the averment that the justice had jurisdiction.
The rule is supposed to be well setled, ever since the case of Ladbroke v. James, Willes, 199, that in pleading the proceedings of inferior courts or jurisdictions, it is not sufficient for the party to aver that such court bad jurisdiction, but the facts must be stated which are necessary to confer jurisdiction. In that case the defendant pleaded a discharge by a court of quarter sessions, saying he was duly discharged from his imprisonment aforesaid; but it was not stated that he had ever surrendered himself, or was ever in prison; and as this was a fact necessary to give the sessions jurisdiction, the plea was held to be defective. In Sollers v. Lawrence, Willes, 416, the language of the court, in speaking of courts of limited jurisdiction, is this: “ The rule is that nothing must be intended in favor of their jurisdiction, but that it must appear, by what is set forth on the record, that they had such juris*441diction.” In Service v. Hermance, 1 Johns. R. 91, the defendant pleaded a discharge under the insolvent act, and stated the presentment of his petition, in conjunction with three fourths of his creditors, and that such proceedings were thereupon had that he was duly discharged. Spencer, justice, in giving the opinion of the court upon the validity of this plea, says that the facts mentioned gave jurisdiction to the officer, and that it was sufficient, in setting forth the proceedings of an inferior court, to say that a plaint was levied, and thereupon, taliter processum fuit, that such an act was done by the court. The case of Ladbroke v. James is cited as good law. It is believed that every decision, from that time to the present, has sustained the practice there laid down. In Mills v. Martin, 19 Johns. R. 7, Spencer, Ch. J, says, p. 36 : “ It is one of the first principles of pleading, that it is only necessary to state facts; which must be done for the information of the court, whose duty it is to declare the law arising on those facts, and to apprize the opposite party what is meant to be proved, in order to give him an opportunity to answer or traverse it. Facts only are to be stated ; not arguments, or inferences, or matters of law.” That was an action of replevin for a pair of oxen, taken under a process issued by a court martial for collecting a fine. The avowry stated, that on the 16th May, 1818, a general court martial was duly organized, and convened by general orders, &c. issued pursuant to the acts of congress, referring to the day when passed, without stating the title. Piatt, justice, says: 66 A special jurisdiction cannot be supported by such vague references to authority. It might as well have been averred that the court was appointed, and held according to law. The law does not allow such a title to be set out, or such a jurisdiction to be assumed in this summary form.” It cannot be necessary to multiply cases to prove this principle; and, testing the avowries now under consideration by this established rule, that facts must be shewn to give jurisdiction, they must be pronounced bad. It is merely stated in the avowries that the plaintiffs therein mentioned recovered a judgment in an action of debt. A justice of the peace at common law has no jurisdiction in civil matters; he is a mere conserva*442tor of the peace. It is only by virtue of the $50 act that he has jurisdiction in an action of debt, or any other civil action between individuals; but it is not stated that the justice, by virtue of that statute, issued any process, or held a court, or that the plaintiffs levied any plaint before him, in relation to any matter within his jurisdiction. According to all the decisions, the facts should have been stated, and the statute under which the justice acted. The avowries are therefore bad in substance; and as the process under which the officer acted was issued, as appears from the record, by a person having no jurisdiction of the subject matter, the process, as pleaded, shewing on its face no jurisdiction in the justice, is no justification to the officer. The true rule as to the liability of the officer is laid down by Ch. J. Thompson, in Smith v. Shaw, 12 Johns. R. 267. He says: “The general rule which appears to be laid down in the books is, that where the subject matter of any suit is not within the jurisdiction of any court applied to for redress, every thing done is absolutely void, and the officer, as well as the parly, becomes a trespasser ; but where the subject matter is. within the jurisdiction of the court, and the want of jurisdiction is to the person or place, there the officer is excused, unless the want of jurisdiction appears on the process.” There are loose dicta in many cases in our reports, where it is said, where the justice • has no jurisdiction of the person of the defendant, as well as of the cause itself, the process is void, and all parties concerned in its execution are trespassers. Such dicta are certainly subject to this qualification, that an officer is excused, who acts under a process regular on its face, and in a case where the court or officer issuing it has jurisdiction of the subject matter, and such jurisdiction appears on the face of the process. 5 Wendell, 170. But it is not necessary, in this case, to discuss this subject, because the judgment here, under which the officer acted, is totally unwarranted, the justice having no jurisdiction of the subject matter, as the same is set forth in the avowries. The officer is not accountable for the errors of a justice; but he is bound to know that the justice had jurisdiction of the cause.
*443It was urged that the defendant should not have leave to amend, because he had gone to trial upon the plea of non cepit Had the defendant brought on the cause to trial, there would have been force in the argument j but he could not avoid going to trial, unless by suffering a default. The avowries go to the whole cause of action ; and if a valid judgment can be shewn, the officer should have an opportunity of defending himself.
Judgment for plaintiff on demurrer, with leave to defendant to amend, on payment of costs.