Claybrook v. State
51 S.W.2d 499
Tenn.
1932
Check Treatment
Mr. Justice Chambliss

delivered the opinion of the Court.

This is а conviction of involuntary manslaughter, with imprisonment fixed by the jury at six months in jail. A Mr. Golden was killed in аn automobile collision on a concrete highway. Plaintiff in error was driving a Ford Sedan with several other colored people riding with him. Mr. Golden, with his wife, drove onto the highwаy from a side or cross road, which the testimony shows was narrow and obscured from view along the highway by a cut and under-growth. His car was struck just after it entered on the highway. Mrs. Golden says her husband stopped and blew his horn three times before proceeding to cross the highway, and Mr. Golden’s dying statement is that he stopped and blew four times. Plaintiff in error testifiеd that he blew his horn as he approached the crossing. Witnesses for the State, who were so .near that they neard the noise of the brakes, *442 which the proof shows wеre promptly applied by the defendant, say they heard no horn. Even if the horn was blown by Golden, there is- no showing of how long before the collision it was blown, and criminal negligence can hardly be imputed to plaintiff in error on the ground that he should have heard it. The generally recognized law of the road concedes to the driver on the main highway the right of way, and puts on the crossing driver the primary duty of caution. There is no еvidence of criminal negligence unless this may be predicated on ‍‌‌​‌​​​‌​‌​​​​‌‌​‌‌‌​​​‌‌​​​​‌‌‌​​​​‌​‌‌‌​​‌​​‌​‍proof оf excessive speed. The defendant appears to have done all possible to avoid the collision after the Golden car appeared in viеw. It is insisted that the facts show a case of unavoidable accident, attributable mаinly to the blind character of the intersection, and wé are convinced that this theоry is sustained by a preponderance of the evidence. The Attorney-General in his brief in this Court frankly concedes serious doubt that the evidence shows such culpable negligence as would sustain a conviction for .involuntary manslaughter.

A review of the testimony shows that the defendant’s car was moving around thirty to thirty-five miles an hour, not a negligently high rаte of speed under modern conditions, along a concrete highway, with an aрparently clear track ahead. The only testimony indicating high spéed is that skid marks were made for some distance when the brakes were applied, and the statement of a witness that the Ford was doing its best at a point where it passed him beyond a hill, about two hundred yards distant from the accident.

As said in Copeland v. State, 154 Tenn., 11, “Allowance must always be made for misadventure and accident, ‍‌‌​‌​​​‌​‌​​​​‌‌​‌‌‌​​​‌‌​​​​‌‌‌​​​​‌​‌‌‌​​‌​​‌​‍as distinguished from culpable negligence;” and *443 that it is uniformly held that the kind оf negligence required to impose criminal liability “must be of a higher degree than is requirеd to establish negligence upon a mere civil issue. ’ ’

The collision occurred in August, 1930, mоre than a year after the passage of the motor vehicle act of 1929, which was generally taken to have repealed the former law fixing a speed limit of thirty miles an hour. While this Act ‍‌‌​‌​​​‌​‌​​​​‌‌​‌‌‌​​​‌‌​​​​‌‌‌​​​​‌​‌‌‌​​‌​​‌​‍was later held unconstitutional, we agree with the Attorney-General that criminal liability may not justly be predicated on the theory that the subsequently determined unconstitutionality of his Act rendered it so null and void ab initio as that the defendant, if driving however slightly abоve thirty miles an hour when the collision took place, was guilty of criminal negligence. /tW/ 4a

In Beaver v. State, 142 Tenn., 415, the view was endorsed that the citizen may rely on an enactment of the legislaturе ‍‌‌​‌​​​‌​‌​​​​‌‌​‌‌‌​​​‌‌​​​​‌‌‌​​​​‌​‌‌‌​​‌​​‌​‍until it has been declared unconstitutional or repealed; and in Hunter v. State, 158 Tenn., 63, it was declarеd that he must treat the law as constitutional at his peril, until judicially otherwise decreеd. In the Beaver ease Mr. Justice McKiNNEy quoted with approval from the strong opinion of Chief Justice Gummere in Lang v. Bayonne, 74 N. J. Law, 458, 15 L. R. A. (N. S.), 101, 122 Am. St. Rep., 391, in which he declares that, “To require the citizen to determine for himself, at his peril, to what extent, if at all, the legislature has overstepped thе boundaries defined by the Constitution in passing this ‍‌‌​‌​​​‌​‌​​​​‌‌​‌‌‌​​​‌‌​​​​‌‌‌​​​​‌​‌‌‌​​‌​​‌​‍mass of statutes, would be to place upon him an intolerable burden, one which it would be absolutely impossible for him to bear — a duty infinitely beyond his ability to perform. In my opinion, the pro *444 visions of a solemn act of the lеgislature, so long as it has not received judicial condemnation, are as binding upon the citizen as is the judgment of a court against him so long as it remains unreversed.”

Finding no sufficient evidence of criminal negligence on tbn 0f plaintiff in error, the judgment must be reversed.