Thе appellants in this case include numerous individuals and corporations who operate consumer cash advance and finance businesses in the State of Georgia.
1
Appellees John Oxendine, the Industrial Loan Commissioner for the State of Georgia, and Thurbert E. Baker, the Attorney General for the State of Georgia (collectively, the “state”), commenced this civil action alleging that appеllants’ use of a consumer “sale/leaseback” transaction violates the anti-payday lending statute, OCGA § 16-17-1 et seq., and the Georgia Industrial Loan Act, OCGA§ 7-3-1 et seq. (“GILA”). The state thereafter moved for partial summary judgment as to appellants’ liability and moved to strike appellants’ jury demand. The trial court granted the motions. On appeal, appellants contend that the trial court erred (1) by ruling
“Summary judgment is proper when there is no genuine issue of material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. OCGA§ 9-11-56
(c).”Matjoulis v. Integon Gen. Ins. Corp.,
So viewed, the evidence shows that appellants operate numerous consumer cash advance and finance businesses serving citizens throughout the State of Georgia. In 2002, the state investigated appellants’ businesses in response to consumer complaints that appellants charged excessive interest аnd engaged in abusive collection tactics. Appellants argued that their practice of making cash advances did not amount to loans. Following that investigation and an administrative hearing, the Industrial Loan Commissioner issued a finding that appellants were engaging in illegal payday lending and ordered them to cease and desist in those business practices. See
USA Payday Cash Advance Centers v. Oxendine,
In November 2002, appellants changed their business practices to engage in a “rent a bank” arrangement, whereby they served as the agent
of
an out-of-state bank that made payday loans. The Commissioner’s investigation of this payday loan arrangement was addressed in
BankWest v. Oxendine,
Appellants then began to engage in the “sale/leaseback” transactions at issue here, whereby their consumer customers purportedly sold personal property items to appellants, then immediately leased the items back from appellants. Following an investigation, the state concluded that the “sale/leaseback” transactions were nothing more than disguised, illegal payday loans. Consequently, the state commenced the instant action.
1. In granting partial summary judgment to the state on the issue of liability, the trial court concluded that appellants’ “sale/leaseback” transactions were payday loans in violation of the anti-payday lending statute (OCGA § 16-17-1 et seq.), GILA (OCGA § 7-3-1 et seq.), and the Commissioner’s previously issued cease and desist order. On appeal, appellants argue that the trial court failed to apply proper summary judgment standards requiring that the evidence be construed in their favor as the nonmovants, and that the trial court’s ruling was precluded by evidence that their customers had no obligation to repay the debt. We discern no error.
A payday loan is a loan of short duration, typically two weeks, at an astronomical annual interest rate. Payday lоans are the current version of salary buying or wage buying. The fees, charges, and interest on a payday loan are between 15 percent and 30 percent of the principal for a two-week loan, constituting a pretext for usury.
(Citations and punctuation omitted.)
USA Payday Cash Advance Centers,
The Georgia Genеral Assembly enacted OCGA § 16-17-1 et seq. to declare payday loans illegal and to impose “substantial criminal and civil penalties over and above those currently existing under
state law ... in order to prohibit this activity in the State of Georgia and to cause the cessation of this activity once and for all.” OCGA § 16-17-1 (c). Payday lending under this statutory scheme “encompasses all transactions in which funds are advanced to bе repaid at a later date, notwithstanding the fact that the
To determine whether there has been a violation of OCGA § 16-17-2,
the trial court shall be authorized to review the terms of thе transaction in their entirety .. . [and] shall not be bound in making such determination by the parol evidence rule or by any written contract but shall be authorized to determine exactly whether the loan transaction includes the use of a scheme, device, or contrivance and whether in reality the loan is in violation of the provisions of subsection (a) of Code Section 16-17-2 based upon the facts and evidence rеlating to that transaction and similar transactions being made in the State of Georgia.
OCGA § 16-17-6.
Payday loans under $3,000 are further regulated by GILA, OCGA § 7-3-1 et seq.
Since [GILA] was enacted to define and prevent usury and to provide a source of regulated funds for those who had been borrowing at usurious rates from loan sharks, street shy-locks and wage-buyers, then [payday loans] come within the jurisdiction of the Act. ... If the maximum interest rate is over the limit set by OCGA § 7-3-14 of ten percent 2 or the lender fails to hold an industrial license issued by the Commissioner, then “payday loans” violate [GILA]. See 2002 Op. Atty. Gen. No. 2002-3.
USA Payday Cash Advance Centers,
With this statutory framework in mind, we turn to the contentions in the present case. Appellants contend that their “sale/leaseback” transactions cannot be construed as loans coming within the provisions of OCGA § 16-17-1 et seq. and GILA because a loan entails the advancement of funds that must be repaid at a later date. See OCGA §§ 7-3-3 (4); 4 16-17-1 (a). 5 Appellants emphasize that the transactions at issue were reflected by a written bill of sale identifying the property sold and the sales price and by a lease agreement disclosing the lease terms, the initial lease payment due, and three options that can be exercised at the end of the lease term. The leases purportedly allowed the customer to either (1) renew the lease for another lease period; (2) repurchase the property for the sales price, without credit for any rental payments made; or (3) return the property and owe nothing more. Appellants contend that the third option to return the property without rendering payment under the lease agreement precludes the transaction from being considered a loan, since there is no obligation to repay the money received by the consumer for the sale of his or her items.
Notwithstanding appellants’ suggestion, however, the terms of their written lease with customers are not talismanic in this context.
[Wjhether a given transaction is a purchase ... or a loan of money . . . depends, not upon the form of words used in contracting, but upon the real intent and understandingof the parties. No disguise of language can avail for covering up usury, or glossing оver an usurious contract. The theory that a contract will be usurious or not, according to the kind of paper bag it is put up in, or according to the more or less ingenious phrases made use of in negotiating it, is altogether erroneous. The law intends that a search for usury shall penetrate to the substance.
Pope v. Marshall,
Regardless of the written provisions of the sale/leaseback contracts, the state presented evidence establishing that appellants’ sale/leaseback arrangements contained the same salient features of a paydаy loan transaction that violates OCGA § 16-17-1 et seq. and GILA. An audit supervisor from the Commissioner’s Office explained the practice and economic structure of payday lending, and three of appellants’ customers provided affidavits describing the transactions that they engaged in with the appellants’ businesses.
Consistent with the practice of payday lending, the customers were required to apply for an advаncement of funds by providing the name of their employers and length of employment, their salary and paydates, checking account information, a recent pay stub, and bank statements. The customers also provided a check or electronic debit authorization in the amount of the principal amount advanced to them plus interest.
Following the advancement of funds, the customers’ first payment was due within two weeks. The customers could be released from the agreement by paying the principal amount advanced to them plus a 25% to 27% fee, amounting to an APR of 650% to 702%. If the customers were unable to do so, then they were required to renew the transaction term for another two-week period by paying another 25% to 27% fee. None of these payments was applied to the principal amount owed. If the customers failed to make a required payment, their checks were cashed or an electronic debit from their bank account was made immediately thereafter.
At the same time, the state presented evidence that the component of the transaction involving the sale and lease of personal property was nothing more than a sham. In this respect, the state pointed to appellants’ records which reflect that the same cell phone and power pack were “sold” and listed on the “sale/leaseback” documents submitted by numerous different customers during the same time period, and these same items were assigned different values to correspond with the “sale” or loan amount. Other “sale/leaseback” documents of record also show that the value assigned to the personal property leased back to the customer was not based on an actual appraised market value, but rather was made to directly correspond to the loan amount approved for the customer. For example, in one of its transactions, appellants assigned an astronomical value of $450 to a can opener and coffee maker to correspond with the amount the customer
Based on this combined evidence, the state met its burden of proving that appellants were engaged in illegal payday lending. After the state discharged its burden by referencing affidavits, depositions, and other documents in the record establishing that appellants were so engaged, appellants could not rest on their pleadings, but rather were required to point to specific evidence giving rise to a triable issue.
Smith v. Lewis,
First, appellants came forward with no evidence to refute that the “sale/leaseback” arrangements contained the same salient features as an illegal payday loan. Although appellants pointed to the deposition testimony of one of the customers to allege that he had memory problems, the customer’s recollection of the nature of his transaction with appellants was clear and consistent.
Second, appellants failed to offer any evidence refuting the stаte’s evidence showing that the sale and lease of personal property was a sham component of the transactions. In this respect, there is no evidence in the record indicating that appellants ever inspected any of the personal property to determine its condition at the time the lease was made or sought to acquire possession of the property listed by the customers after a default. Moreover, appellants failed to offer any specific evidence to explain the discrepancy in the records reflecting that the same two items were purportedly “sold” and “leased” by numerous different customers during the same time
period and that these items were assigned different values to correspond with the “sale” amount to be paid under the “lease.” While appellants speculated that there may have been an entry error by its employees or a computer glitch to explain this information in their corporate documents, “mere speculation, conjecture, or possibility [are] insufficient to preclude summary judgment.”
Rosales v. Davis,
In light of this evidentiary record, we conclude that the trial court did not err in granting the state’s motion for partial summary judgment. The evidence set forth above conclusively demonstrates that appellants’ “sale/leaseback” transactions constituted payday loans in violation of OCGA § 16-17-1 et seq. and GILA. See OCGA §§ 7-3-3 (4), 7-3-4, 16-17-2 (b) (2);
Jackson v. Commercial Credit Corp.,
Appellants’ claim that the trial court failed to rule upon their affirmative defenses in granting summary judgment is unavailing. It is true that “[a]ppellee[s], as moving party for summary judgment, had the burden of piercing appellant^’] affirmative defenses.
Peppers v. Siefferman,
Although appellants contend that the trial court failed to rule upon their defense challenging the constitutionality of the anti-payday
2. Appellants further contend that the trial court erred in denying them a jury trial. In light of our holding in Division 1 that partial summary judgment was properly entered as to civil liability for violations of OCGA§ 16-17-1 et seq. and GILA, we conclude that this claim of error is moot. 8
3. Lastly, appellants claim that the trial court erred by holding thе appellant corporate officers individually liable for the corporate transactions.
“The concept of piercing the corporate veil is applied in Georgia to remedy injustices which arise where a party has over extended his privilege in the use of a corporate entity in order to defeat justice, perpetuate fraud or to evade contractual оr tort responsibility.” (Citation and punctuation omitted.)
Amason v. Whitehead,
A corporation possesses a legal existence separate and apart from that of its officers and shareholders so that the operation of a corporate business does not render officers and shareholders personally liable for corporate acts. A corporate officer who takes part in the commission of a tort by the corporation is personally liable therefor, but an officer of a corporation who takes no part in the commission of a tort committed by the corporation is not personally liable unless he specifically directed the particular act to be done or participated or cooperated therein (or if he disregarded the corporate form so as to authorize piercing of the corporate veil).
(Citation and punctuation omitted.)
Lawton v. Temple-Warren Ford, Inc.,
The evidence conclusively established that appellants took part in, specifically directed, participated or cooperated in the payday lending activities upon which their individual liability could be imposed.
Judgment affirmed.
Notes
Appellants include Richard D. Clay II; Angela Clay; Brent West; John Spence; American Cash Advance, Inc.; EZ Credit, Inc.; Fast Cash’Til Payday, Inc.; Great American Cash Advance, Inc.; Great American Credit, Inc.; Integrated Financial Concepts, Inc.; Money ’Til Payday, Inc.; USA Payday Advance, Inc.; USAPayday Cash Advance Ctrs. Nos. 8 through 14, Inc.; DEUSA Advances, Inc.; GRUSA Centers, Inc.; HLUSA Advances, Inc.; LAUSA Paydays, Inc.; LNUSA Payday Center, Inc.; MHUSA Advances, Inc.; RDUSA Advances, Inc.; UCUSA Payday, Inc.; WDUSA Centers, Inc.; and WKUSA Payday, Inc.
See also OCGA § 7-4-18 (a) (prohibiting charge of interest in exсess of five percent per month (60% APR) as criminal usury).
GILA applies to all persons making loans of $3,000 or less unless they are specifically exempted. OCGA §§ 7-3-4 and 7-3-6. Appellants do not claim that they are exempt from the GILA provisions, and they do not have a license to issue loans.
OCGA § 7-3-3 (4) defines a loan as “any advance of money in an amount of $3,000.00 or less under a contract requiring repayment and any and all renewals or refinancing thereof.”
OCGA § 16-17-1 (a) applies to “all transactions in which funds are advanced to be repaid at a later date.”
Payday lenders have often been accused of using sham transactions in efforts to disguise the fact that they engage in illegal payday loan transactions and in efforts to evade usury laws. See
Watson v. State,
We express no ruling upon appellants’ defense challenging the constitutionality of the penalties aspect of this case. The state’s motion fоr partial summary judgment only applies to the issue of liability.
To the extent that appellants have also sought a jury trial as to the issue of liability for expenses of litigation pursuant to OCGA§ 13-6-11, this issue was not addressed by the state’s motion for partial summary judgment and was not ruled upon in the trial court’s order. Rather, partial summary judgment has only been granted as to the issue of liability for violations of OCGA§ 16-17-1 etseq. and GILA. In light of the fact that the trial court has not ruled upon this issue, it is not ripe for our appellate review.
McKesson HBOC v. Adler,