Clarke v. State

Nov 15, 1897
Reporters:
Before:
Brickell
BRICKELL, C. J.

1. The indictment contains three counts, not materially different, alleging that the defendant with malice aforethought killed an infant child by the unlawful beating of the mother while it was in the womb, causing its death after birth. The *5child is not otherwise described than by reference to its maternity; and in the first and third counts, it is alleged that it was unnamed, and in the second count it is alleged the name was to the grand jury unknown. In the English precedents of indictments for like offenses, in the cases referred to in Wharton on Homicide, section 805, and Wharton on Criminal Pleadings, section 112, the sex of the child is averred, but there was no discussion of the necessity of the averment. In Mr. Bishop’s Directions and Forms, section 527, a form of indictment for this particular offense is found, containing a distinct averment of the sex of the child. We have seen no American case in which the necessity of the averment was the subject of consideration, except that of State v. Morrissey, 70- Maine 405, in which the court said : “We have seen no precedent of indictment that omits an allegation ‍‌​​‌‌‌​​​‌​​​‌​‌​‌​‌‌‌​‌‌‌​​‌​‌​​​​​‌‌​‌‌‌​‌‌‌‌‌​​​‌‌‌​​​‌‌​‌​‌​​​​​​‌​‌‌‌​‌‌‌‌‌‌​‌​​​‌​‌​‌​​​​‌‍of the sex of the infant child, nor has any case come to our notice which decides that the allegation is necessary. Mr. Wharton, in his Criminal Precedents, remarks that the averment is necessary. But why necessary? The law requires a person to be described by his name. We take it that if an infant has a name, there would be no more occasion for averring the sex than in any other case. But it is laid down as a rule that, the name being unknown, it is sufficient to aver the name of the killed or injured person to be unknown. The law requires that an indictment shall be so certain as to the party against whom the offense was committed, as to enable, the prisoner to understand who the party is, and upon what charge he is called upon to answer, so as to prevent the prisoner from being put in jeopardy a second time for the same offense, and as will authorize the court to give the appropriate judgment upon conviction. What would it practically add, in these respects, to the rights and safety of the accused in this case to‘have the sex alleged?” The tendency of all our legislation, and of our decisions, for more than half a century, has been to divest indictments of mere formal allegations, while not lessening the degree of evidence by which the accusation they may import must be supported. The general statutory requirement is, that “the indictment must state the facts constituting the offense in ordinary and concise language, without prolixity or repetition, in such a man*6ner as to enable a person of common understanding to know what is intended, and with that degree of certainty which will enable the court, on conviction, to pronounce the proper judgment; and in no case are the words ‘force and arms’ or ‘contrary to the form of the statute’ necessary.” — Cr. Code, 1886, § 4368; Cr. Code, 1896, § 4896. If time be not a- material ingredient of the offense, a general statement that, it was committed before the finding of the indictment is sufficient. — Cr. Code, 1886, § 4373 ; Or. Code, 1896, § 4901. It is not necessary to allege the venue of the offense, but on the trial, it must be proved to have been committed in the county in which the ‍‌​​‌‌‌​​​‌​​​‌​‌​‌​‌‌‌​‌‌‌​​‌​‌​​​​​‌‌​‌‌‌​‌‌‌‌‌​​​‌‌‌​​​‌‌​‌​‌​​​​​​‌​‌‌‌​‌‌‌‌‌‌​‌​​​‌​‌​‌​​​​‌‍indictment is preferred. — Or. Code, 1886, § 4374; Or. Code, 1896, § 4902. When the name of the defendant is unknown to the grand jury,, it may be,so alleged without further identification of the defendant. — Cr. Code, 1886, § 4376; Cr. Code, 1896, § 4904. ’ When the means by which the offense was committed are unknown to.the grand jury, and do not enter into the essence of the offense, the indictment may, allege that they are unknown. — Cr. Code, 1886, § 4378 ; Cr. Code, 1896, §4906. When an intent to injure or defraud is necessary to constitute the offense, it is sufficient to allege an intent to injure or defraud generally, without naming the particular person, corporation, or government intended to be injured or defrauded. — Cr. Code, 1886, § 43.80; Cr. Code, 1896, § 4908.. These statutes, though in some particulars merely affirmatory of the common law, taken in connection, are illustrative of the general legislative policy, to divest indictments of mere formal averments, while not narrowing the scope of the evidence by which they may be supported.. The sex of the child was not an ingredient of the offense; an allegation of it would have been descriptive, necessary to be proved as laid, and if not proved, involving a variance, the peril of which.was ■properly avoided. Without contravening the general legislative policy deducible from the statutes to which we have referred, and other kindred statutes, and’ the course of judicial decision keeping pace with this policy, we cannot hold that an allegation of the sex of the child was necessary to the sufficiency of.the indictment. The-remaining causes of demurrer to the indictment, as will be apparent from the further consideration of the case, were not well take»,

*72. The gravamen, an indispensable constituent of the offense charged in the indictment, is the unlawful beating of the mother while pregnant, causing the death of the child after birth. Though not alleged in the indictment, the fact was shown by the evidence that she was at and prior to the beating, the wife of the defendant; and the next question for consideration, is her competency as a witness for the defendant. In relation to the competency of husband and wife as witnesses for or against each other in criminal cases or proceedings, we have no’ statute which changes or modifies the common law. By ‍‌​​‌‌‌​​​‌​​​‌​‌​‌​‌‌‌​‌‌‌​​‌​‌​​​​​‌‌​‌‌‌​‌‌‌‌‌​​​‌‌‌​​​‌‌​‌​‌​​​​​​‌​‌‌‌​‌‌‌‌‌‌​‌​​​‌​‌​‌​​​​‌‍the common law, in all cases of personal injuries committed by husband or wife against each other, the injured party is an admissible witness against the other. — 1 Green. Ev., § 343 ; 1 Bish. New Cr. Proc., § § 1151-55 ; Whart. Cr. Ev., § 393, et seq. This exception to the general rule excluding husband and wife as witnesses for or against each other, it may be, originally grew out of a supposed necessity of the protection of the wife against personal violence, threatened or actual, by the husband. Whatever may have been the origin of the exception, it is now recognized as extending to all cases in which the element of personal violence to the wife is a necessary constituent of the offense. — State v. Dyer, 59 Me. 303. The case cited was an indictment against the husband and another for using an instrument with intent to procure the miscarriage of the wife while pregnant, and is not in reason or principle distinguishable from the present case. Wherever the element of personal violence is a necessary constituent of the offense, every reason exists, upon which the exception rested originally, and for the sake of public justice, the wife should be admitted as a witness. And in all cases, in which she is admissible against, she is admissible for the husband. — Whart. Cr. Ev., § 394a; Com. v. Murphy, 4 Allen, 491; Statev. Neill, 6 Ala. 685; Tucker v. State, 71 Ala. 342. The court below erred in the exclusion of the wife as a witness.

3. Murder was defined or described by Lord Coke in these words : “When a person of sound memory and discretion unlawfully killeth any reasonable creature in being, and under the king’s peace, with malice aforethought, express or implied.” The definition or description was‘adopted by Blackstone, and in commenting *8upon the phrase “reasonable creature in being, ” it was said : “To kill a child in the mother’s womb, is now no murder, but a great misprision; but if the child be born alive, and dieth by reason of the potion or bruises it received in the womb, it seems, by the better opinion* to be murder in such as administered or gave them.” — 2 Cooley’s Bla‘ckstone, 197. In 3 Russell on Crimes, (6th ed.), 6, it is said: “An infant in its mother’s womb, not being in rerum natura, is not considered as a person who can ‍‌​​‌‌‌​​​‌​​​‌​‌​‌​‌‌‌​‌‌‌​​‌​‌​​​​​‌‌​‌‌‌​‌‌‌‌‌​​​‌‌‌​​​‌‌​‌​‌​​​​​​‌​‌‌‌​‌‌‌‌‌‌​‌​​​‌​‌​‌​​​​‌‍be killed within the description of murder ; and, therefore, if a woman, being quick or great with child, take any potion to cause abortion, or if another give her any such potion, or if a person strike her, whereby the child within her is killed, it is not murder or manslaughter.” ‘Further it is said : “When a child, having been born alive, afterwards died by reason of any potion or bruises it received in the womb, it seems always to have been the better opinion that it was murder in such as administered or gave them.” The same doctrine is stated in 1 Whart. Am. Cr. Law, (9th ed.), §445; Whart. Homicide, § 303 ; 2 Bish. Cr. Law, § 633. The offense is murder, not manslaughter, upon the settled principle of the common law, that where death ensues from an act done without lawful purpose, dangerous to life, malice, the essential ingredient of murder, is implied. — Com. v. Parker, 9 Met. 263-65; State v. Moore, 25 Iowa, 134; 1 Whart. Cr. Law, (9th ed.), § 316; 1 Bish. Cr. Law, § 328, et seq.

4. The court below, very properly, limited the instructions to the jury, to the determination of whether the offense was murder in the second degree. There was an absence of all evidence of express malice — of all evidence that the alleged beating of the wife was with an intent to take life, and of consequence, an exclusion of the characteristics of murder in the first degree. If the beating was inflicted, it was unlawful, dangerous to the life of the mother, an act malum vn se, from which, as we have said, malice is implied ; and implied malice is the distinguishing characteristic of murder in the second degree. — 3 Brick. Dig. 214, § 495. “Manslaughter is the unlawful and felonious killing of another, without any malice, either express or implied.” — Whart. Horn., § 4. The Code divides manslaughter into degrees, and the first degree.is described as the voluntary deprivation of *9human life. — Cr. Code, 1896, § 4800. The statute is construed in connection with the common law, and it has not been supposed that it enlarged or diminished the elements of the offense as known to the common law.— Harrington v. State. 83 Ala. 9; Williams v. State, Ib. 16. The offense not having been committed negligently, if committed at all, perpetrated by an act in itself unlawful and dangerous to ‍‌​​‌‌‌​​​‌​​​‌​‌​‌​‌‌‌​‌‌‌​​‌​‌​​​​​‌‌​‌‌‌​‌‌‌‌‌​​​‌‌‌​​​‌‌​‌​‌​​​​​​‌​‌‌‌​‌‌‌‌‌‌​‌​​​‌​‌​‌​​​​‌‍life, from which malice was implied, there was marked propriety in -withholding all instructions touching manslaughter — such instructions would have been abstract. Tested by these principles, the instructions given by the court ex mero motu, to which exceptions were .reserved, are free from error.

5. The several instructions requested by the defendant and refused, numbered from three to seven inclusive, are in conflict with the view of the law we have expressed, and were properly refused ; and the same is true of the 10th instruction. Of the ninth instruction it should be said, there was not an absence of all evidence from which the jury could have inferred that the bruises on the person of the mother, to which the exception refers, were inflicted by the defendant; • whether this was the just inference, it was their province to determine. The eighth instruction is so obviously erroneous, that it is unnecessary to discuss it; and the same must be said of the first, second and third instructions.

For the errors we have pointed out, the judgment must be reversed and the cause remanded; the defendant will remain in custody until discharged by due course of law.

Reversed and remanded.