This appeal is from a judgment entered on a directed verdict in an action against the District of Columbia (the District) for “false arrest, false imprisonment, unlawful search and assault.”
At the commencement of the trial, which was before a jury, the court advised counsel for appellant that she would be limited in her proof to the issue of false arrеst because, in the court’s judgment, that was the only issue spelled out in the pretrial order. 1 Counsel for appellant sought leave of court to amend the pretrial order, urging that any deficiencies in the order were the result of inadvertence and certainly not with her acquiescence. The court refused to permit any amendment to thе pretrial order, ruling that to do so would be prejudicial to the District.
Appellant then put on her proof which was in substance that on May 20, 1971, at approximately 1:00 p. m., she аnd a female companion were walking at or near the front of the Mayflower Hotel when she was accosted by two men wearing “dashikis and blue denims.” The men, later identified as Metropolitan Police Officers, abruptly and forcefully stopped appellant, seized her pocketbook and searched it. Appellant demanded an explanation and one of the men produced a badge and the other summoned, by means of a “walkie-talkie,” other police officers who arrived • — some in a patrol wagon and others in a scout car. The officers conferred briefly with the two men dressed in the “dashikis and blue denims” and one of the officers who arrived in a scоut car announced, “She’s not the one.” Notwithstanding, appellant was told by the officers who first accosted her that they would have to take her over to the bank. According to appellant’s testimony, the following then transpired :
A Well, one of the uniformed officers in the paddy wagon told me to step up in the paddy wagon; I didn’t answer, I didn’t move. Thеn, the uniformed officer in the scout car said he would take me over to the bank, American Security and Trust, in the scout car. At that point they put me in the back of the scout car. The fellow in the dashiki kept my purse; and the uniformed officer drove the scout car over to the bank *510 of the American Security and Trust, 15th and M.
When we arrived at the bank, we got out and there was a guard, I imagine a bank security guard, in front of the building. And, he said to take her on in. We walked into the bank and walked to the back of the bank where several people—
Q Don’t tell us what they said.
A Were standing around. At thаt point they left me standing in the middle of the floor, and they went over to say something to the young lady that was on my left at one of the desks. She looked up and said, “She’s not the onе.”
Q Then what happened ?
A The fellow in the dashiki came back over, apologized for picking me up off the street, handed me my purse, and escorted me out of the bank. He told me the uniformed officer would take me back where they picked me up.
Upon completion of appellant’s proof, the court- — on motion of the District — directed a vеrdict in its favor, holding that appellant had failed to establish as an essential element of her proof the absence of probable cause for her arrest аnd the search of her handbag. We reverse.
We notice first appellant’s claim of error respecting the pretrial order as limiting her proof. The District’s position at trial was that although appellant had complained against it for “false arrest, false imprisonment, unlawful search and assault,” she was precluded by the pretrial ordеr 2 from introducing evidence on any claim except that for false arrest. Strangely enough, the District urged then, as it does now, that it would have been surprised by testimony on any cаuse of action other than false arrest and that the proposed amendment to the pretrial order would have been prejudicial:
What is so difficult to understand abоut the District’s reasoning is that its pretrial statement demonstrates the absence of any such surprise. The District’s statement reads in pertinent part:
I. FACTS:
Plaintiff alleges that . . . she was falsely arrested, falsely imprisoned, unlawfully searched, and assaulted by members of the Metropolitan Police Department, D. C.
II. LIABILITY:
Plaintiff claims that the actions were “ . . . without any exсuse or justification or probable cause . and subject[ed] her to embarrassing and humiliating experiences.”
We have searched and found nothing in the record of the pretrial proceedings which indicates that appellant intended to abandon any of the causes of action stated in her complaint and restated, even thоugh perhaps inartfully, in her pretrial statement which was incorporated in the pretrial order.
Super.Ct.Civ.R. 16 provides:
The court shall make an order which recites the action taken at thе conference, the amendments allowed to the pleadings, and the agreements made by the parties as to any of the matters considered, and which limits the issues for triаl to those not disposed of by admissions or agreements of counsel; and such order when entered controls the *511 subsequent course of the action, unless modified at the trial to prevent manifest injustice. [Emphasis added.]
While this rule is intended to remove cases from the “realm of surprise,” it does not contemplate or require that rigid adherence to the pretrial ordеr must always be exacted.
See
All Weather Storm Windows v. Zahn, D.C.Mun.App.,
We turn now to appellant’s claim of error in directing a verdict for the District at the close of the appellant’s case. The gist of any complaint for false arrest or false imprisonment is an unlawful detention and that being shown the burden is imposed upon the defendant to establish that there was probable cause for the arrest. Put another way, an allegation that a plaintiff was arrestеd and imprisoned without process raises a presumption of unlawful restraint and shifts to defendant the burden of justifying the restraint as lawful.
See
Anderson v. Sager,
In Director General of Railroads v. Kastenbaum,
The aсtion for false imprisonment is in the nature of a trespass for a wrong or illegal act in which the defendant must have personally participated, directly or by indirect prоcurement. The gist of it is an unlawful detention and, that being shown, the burden is on the defendant to establish probable cause for the arrest. The want of probable cause, certainly in the absence of proof of guilt or conviction of the plaintiff, is measured by the state of the defendant’s knowledge, not by his intent. . . . But the standard applied to defendаnt’s consciousness is external to it. The question is not whether he thought the facts to constitute probable cause, but whether the court thinks they did. Holmes, Common Law, 140. Probable cause is a mixed question of law and fact. The court submits the evidence of it to the jury, with instructions as to what facts will amount to probable cause if proved. Stewart v. Sonneborn,98 U.S. 187 , 194,25 L.Ed. 116 , 119; Pollock, Torts, 8th ed. 225; 1 Cooley, Torts, 3d ed. p. 321.
From the foregoing it appears without any serious question that the absence of probable cause for her arrest was not аn essential element of appellant’s proof, but was rather simply a matter of defense to the allegations of the complaint. Pierson v. Ray,
Because the trial court was clearly in error when it directed a verdict for the District we reverse and remand for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.
So ordered.
Notes
. It appears that the judge (since retired), who presided at the pretrial proceedings, advised counsel that if the signatures were waived he would have coрies of the order mailed to their respective offices.
. PRE-TRIAL PROCEEDINGS STATEMENT OF NATURE OF CASE:
This is an action for damages resulting from an alleged false arrest etc.
Plaintiff’s pretrial statement as to allegations of liability damages is incorporated herein.
The defendant denies all allegations of false arrest etc. Defendant’s pretrial statement as to specific defenses is incorporated herein.
.
Cf.
Seek v. Edgar, D.C.App.,
.
Cf.
Wade v. District of Columbia, D.C. App.,