delivered the opinion of the Court.
Here on petition for certiorari- to the criminal court of Shelby county, the question presented has invoked most painstaking consideration, because both of its novelty, and the plausibility of the appeal made to the court’s sense of practical justice. Petitioner Clark, clerk off the city court of Memphis, was indicted and tried with three others, the city judge and two lawyers, on charges оf embezzlement, larceny, etc. The trial-began in June and ran to the middle of August. After deliberating for thirty-six hours, the jury came into court, on the 15th day of August, 1935, and the following occurred:
“The jury, aforesaid, reported to the Court on the morning of August 15th, 1935, that it was hopelessly hung' and that it was both a moral and physical impossibility to agree on a verdict.
*496 “The Court, in the absence of the jury, inquired of the defendants, who were personally present in court and represented by counsel, if they desired that the jury be held together for a long*er period of time, to which respective counsel replied they did not. The jury being recalled to the court room was then polled by the Judge, each Juror being asked the specific question if he thought a verdiсt might be reached upon further deliberations, to which question each Juror replied in the negative.
“It appearing to the Court that the Jury, aforesaid, having had ample time upon which to consider the case and being of the opinion that it was both a moral and physical impossibility for them to agree on a verdict and that it is useless to hold them together for further deliberations,
“It is ordered by the Court that a juror be withdrawn (?) and a mistrial entered, which is accordingly done.
“Whereupon court adjourned until tomorrow morning at 9:30 o ’clock. ’ ’
The minutes next show the following entry on Saturday, August 17th, two days later:
“State of Tennessee vs. W. L. Clark
“Comes the defendant in above cause, by counsel of record and files in open court motion to re-assemble jury and write a verdict of Not Guilty as to defendant and affidavits of jurors and W. L. Clark and A. B. Galloway in support of said motion.”
•This motion was heard and a demurrer thereto sustained on September 11th. An appeal was prayed and denied, but leave was granted to file a wayside bill of *497 exceptions, which was done, and thereupon a petition for certiorari and supersedeas was presented to and granted by a member of tbis conrt and argument bas been beard.
Tbe' case for petitioner is clearly set forth in bis motion, sworn to on tbe 13tb of August, 1935, reading as follows:
“Comes now tbe defendant, W. L. Clark, and would show to tbe Court that tbe jury selected and sworn to try tbis cause, after due consideration, unanimously voted to acquit this defendant, but that due to the fact that said jury misconstrued tbe instructions and charge of tbis Honorable Court, they were laboring under tbe impression that they could not return a verdict of not guilty for tbe defendant ~W. L. Clark if they disagreed on a verdict regarding bis co-defendants.
“Tbis defendant would further show that said jury did, in fact, disagree as to tbe guilt or innocence of bis co-defendants and, because of this fact, notwithstanding they bad unanimously voted to acquit tbis defendant, they did not return a true verdict into court reflecting said fact, as they bad a right to do, and defendant alleges that the only reason a verdict of acquittal was not returned in his behalf by said jury was because tbe jury was laboring under the erroneous impression that they could not do so without making final disposition of tbe cases against bis co-defendants.
“Defendant would further show to tbe Court that be bas been tried, as required by law, on tbe indictment in tbis cause, and has, in truth and in fact, been acquitted of tbe charges against him by tbe unanimous vote of twelve (12) jurors; and alleges that if be is forced to go to trial again it will be in violation of his constitutional *498 rights — that is to say, placing him. in jeopardy for the second time for the same offense.
“In support of1 the facts herein alleged, this defendant attaches hereto as exhibits one to eleven, both inclusive, ■the affidavits of J. H. White, JT. Malcolm Green, W. R>. Walpole, M. Y. Palvado, H. W. Cox, Major H. Martin, Edward W. Mathis, Samuel H. Hurdlow, Malcolm G. Gibson, Walter Delashmit, and W. F. Graham, being the identical eleven (11) men empaneled, and sworn to try this cause against him.
“Defendant further alleges that he was not apprised of the facts herein stated until after the jury had reported in this cause and had been discharged and disbanded; that they were discharged about 10:00 o’clock A. M. Aug. 15, 1935, and this defendant is filing this motion at the earliest possible time after being advised of the facts herein stated.
“Wherefore, Defendant prays:
“That said jury, whose names are given above, be reassembled by this Honorable Court and directed to amend and make such change in their verdict аs to the matter of form thereof so as to reflect their true decision; and that they be required to so amend or change their finding to read — 'We, the Jury, find the defendant, W. L. Clark, not guilty; ’ or, that the Court record the true verdict of the jury.”
The demurrer, sustained by the trial judge, challenged the jurisdictional power of the court to reassemble the jury after discharge and separation, for the purpose of amending and correcting their verdict; and of the jury to amend or correct their verdict after discharge and separation. It was further asserted that jurors would *499 not be beard to impeach tbeir verdict or finding by averring that they misunderstood the court’s charge.
It is conceded that the situation presented is anomalous, and that no precedent can be found for the action invoked by the motion. This is not of itself' conclusive, for situations do arise in which justice calls for the cutting of new paths. It is well said that, “What is needed for the administration of the law is not a dead learning, nor a cult of the letter, nor excessive reverence for precedent. A reasonable administration of justice depends on payment of due regard to actual life and its circumstances.” Science of Legal Method (volume IX, Modern Legal Philosophy Series, p. 87). And this court, speaking through Mr. Justice Cook, has recently said: “Rules of procedure are, of course, necessary, and they must be observed, but observance of an antiquated procedure is justified оnly as it is supported by reason. Observance of bare mechanical forms, the reason for which no longer exists, and not affecting the substantive rights of litigants, is no more justified in the administration of the business of courts than would be the application of an antiquated, inadaptable theory of architecture to a modern building problem. Procedural law must respоnd to rational administration.”
Manning
v.
State,
But, long-established precedents of substantive law and practice may not be lightly disregarded. Vital underlying principles are frequently involved which may not be departed from, even though isolated facts may apparently seem to justify such a-departure. An invariably followed rule, supported not only by precedent, but the soundest reason, grounded on universal knowledge of
*500
human nature, is the rule that after the discharge of a jury in a felony case and the separation of the jurors to such a degree that outside contacts may have been even momentarily had, the members of that jury may not be reconvened for the taking- of any action whatever involving the fate of the accusеd. It is hardly necessary to cite authority for so elementary a proposition, but see
Long
v.
State,
It is urged on the petition to this court that “it was a very short time” only, after the discharge of the jury, and that “all of the jurors had not left the Court building-” when “counsel informed the Court as to this error of the foreman in reporting an erroneous finding of the jury.” Neither exactly how long a time, nor how many had left the building, appears, but flexibility in time of sеparation is incompatible with the enforcement of this rule. In the given case it is apparent, of course, that such time and opportunity as is wholly inconsistent with the rule was afforded following the discharge as enabled counsel and others to approach and confer with the mem- *501 hers of the jury, out of the presence of the court, or its officеrs, and discuss with them their deliberations and particularly their views touching the guilt or innocence of the accused. If it can be said that the men so approached were still clothed with their responsibility as jurors, then they were not subject to be so approached and interviewed; if they had passed out of this status, they had become powerless to resumе it, and the court was powerless to reinstate them in it.
Diligent and earnest counsel have cited us to cases recognizing the right of the court to reconvene a jury for the correction of a verdict, but these holdings are not controlling or, indeed, applicable here, and for reasons additional to those suggested on the brief for the state, namely, that these cases relate to corrections in matters of form, as distinguished from substance, and that they are civil, rather than criminal. They are all cases in which some “verdict” has been returned to the court. We have no verdict here. The word “verdict” is derived from the Latin and results from the coalition of the two words
vere,
truly, and
dictum,
a saying. Bouv. Law Diet. (Rawle’s Third Rev.). Until there has been a “saying,” that is, a pronouncement of a truth arrived at, there can be no “verdict.” Here, the jury merely reported “that it was hopelessly hung and that it was a moral and physical impossibility to agree on a verdict.” Agreement on the issue of guilt or innocence is of the very essence of a verdict. Here we have an agreement, but an agreemеnt only that there is not and cannot be an agreement on the issue, and that this is to be reported to the court. A mistrial resulted. The term “mistrial” is aptly applied to a case in which a jury is discharged without a verdict.
Fish
*502
v.
Henarie
(CC.),
Upon analysis of these authorities cited, it will be seen, as before suggested, that they are all cases in which there was an intention and an effort to return a verdict, which proved ineffective in form, or, in one or two cases, clerically inaccurate. For example,
Glennon
v.
Fisher,
In
McCabe Lumber Co.
v.
Lumber Co.,
Counsel for petitioner emphasize, as favorable to their сontention,
Moulton
v.
Staats,
As indicated by what has been said, no way appears to be open, on principle or authority, for the' granting of the motion of petitioner, which calls for a reconvening off a discharged and disbanded jury and the rеceiving of a verdict of acquittal of petitioner.
Counsel, under a prayer for general relief, invoke the protection guaranteed by our State and Federal Constitutions against double jeopardy, grounded on the maxim, a man shall not be brought into danger of his life or liberty for one and the same offense more than ’ once. As declared by Mr. Justice Cook in
Holt
v.
State,
What constitutes in jeopardy is defined in
Green
v.
*504
State,
“An accused is in jeopardy, within the meaning of this provision of the Constitution, whenever he is put to trial in a court of competent jurisdiction, with a valid indictment and the plea thereto, has a jury sworn upon an issue to make deliverance, and the jury is charged with the deliverance of the accused, when he has been placed in the hands of the -jury for trial; that is, when the jury is sworn to try the issue upon the indictment and the plea thereto, and before the reading of the indictment or the introduction of testimony. Ward v. State, 1 Humph. [253], 260; Tomasson v. State,112 Tenn., 596 ,79 S. W., 802 .”
However, in that case the court reviews the generally adopted holding that if thе jury is discharged before verdict, for any clearly justifiable reason, of which illustrations are given in the opinion, the defense of former jeopardy would not be available to the accused on his second trial. The courts came to this holding with evident reluctance, conceding elements of apparent inconsistency, in order to meet the demands of necessity; seeing that otherwise the plainly guilty would be afforded an avenue of escape. (See opinions quoted in
Green
v.
State, supra,
particularly that of Crabb, J., in
State
v.
Waterhouse,
1 Mart. & Y., 278, 279). And, in
Manning
v.
State, supra,
this court, reaffirming this rule of exception, said that “the trial judge may discharge the jury or a single juror after the accused has been put upon his trial when necessity or the ends of public justice require, but that it cannot be done capriciously.” When once found not guilty he may thereafter plead
autrefois acquit.
*505
thereby setting up such acquittal in bar.
U. S.
v.
Gibert,
The gist of this argument, plausibly made, seems to be, in emphasis of the limitation of judicial recognition of an exception in application of the constitutional immunity against double jeopаrdy to cases of clear necessity, where pending the trial the jury is discharged before verdict, that here, where the facts admitted by the demurrer are considered, no necessity appears. That here, unlike any reported case, from any source, the trial proceeded to that conclusive point where the jury in fact considered and determined the issue of guilt or innocence, and that the court should not on such facts give application to this exception of necessity so as to deprive petitioner of that fundamental right to immunity from being put a second time in jeopardy, secured by the State and Federal Con *506 stitutions. Conceding the plausibility of this appeal, the question is not now before us for decision, for this plea is quite obviously premature.
Petitioner has never yet been put to a second trial. He may never be. Time, with its fortuitous incidents, intervenes. Moreover, should the petitioner be again arraigned, the learned trial judge, if convinced that in truth and in fact all twelve of the jurors on this trial did agree, and continued to the end of their deliberаtions to agree, that petitioner was innocent, and that they failed to so report only because of a mistaken conception of their authority in the matter, may well conceive it his duty to exercise the right vested in him, of advising the entry of a
nolle prosequi.
This would avoid the issue which might otherwise be then raised under the plea of
autrefois acquit.
Or, if the trial judge should direct a verdict for this defendant, in conformity to a practice now followed by many trial judges in this state, though never directly approved by this court, the matter would be concluded, since the State would have no. appeal.
State
v.
Vincent,
However, since the question is not now before us, this court expresses no opinion as to the sufficiency or effect of such a plea, if hereafter entered. In the present state of the ease, for the reasons indicated, we are of opinion, first, that the motion to reconvene the jury and receive an amended verdict was properly denied; second, that the invoking of the constitutional provision against double jeopardy is premature,, and the question whether or not petitioner’s constitutional rights would be invaded by a *507 second trial for the same offense, nnder the circumstances alleged in the motion, is, therefore reserved. The petition must be dismissed.