219 Mo. 524 | Mo. | 1909
Emma Clark had a son. Charles Ritter (at his death an unmarried minor), by a former divorced husband, Thomas Ritter. Joining her former husband in the suit as a coplaintiff against his consent, she sues for the statutory penalty of $5,000 for the wrongful death of Charles. Defendant demurred. Cast thereby, plaintiff refused to plead over, and, judgment going against her, she appeals.
Sufficient of the record to determine questions raised will appear in the following
(Nota bene-. Dates aro material.) The petition was filed September 11, 1905. After alleging that plaintiffs had been married and that Charles Ritter was horn to them as lawful issue, that on the 21st day of July, 1904, he was a minor without descendants and had never been married, that on that day he was negligently killed at a street crossing by defendant’s servants operating a train (seven specific acts of negligence being set forth), the petition makes the following substantive allegations at which the demurrer is aimed:
“Plaintiff, Emma Clark, further states that on the-day of August, 1887, at which time said minor was about five months old, she was duly divorced from the bonds of matrimony with said Thomas Ritter by a decree of the circuit court of Marion county, in the State of Illinois, and since that time she has married one Edward H. Clark.
“That the exclusive care and custody of said minor was given to her by said decree of said Marion Circuit Court and she retained the same up to the time of his death.
“That on the 20th day of .September, 1904, plaintiff filed her petition in this court against the defendant for damages for causing the death of said Charles Ritter, in which suit said Thomas Ritter afterwards joined as a coplaintiff.
“That said suit was transferred to the circuit court of the United States for the Western District of Missouri on the 12th day of October, 1904, and plaintiffs suffered a nonsuit in said cause in said United States Court on the 19th day of August, 1905.
“That said Thomas Ritter has refused to join in this suit but his name is used herein to assert the rights of this plaintiff, Emma Clark, and said Emma Clark hereby offers to indemnify her coplaintiff against any*529 costs or expenses which may he incurred hy him be-cánse of the nse of his name as coplaintiff. ’ ’
The demurrer follows:
“Comes now the defendant and demurs to the plaintiff’s petition for the following reasons, to-wit:
“1. That there is an improper and unlawful join-der of parties plaintiff.
“2. That the petition shows upon its face that Thomas Ritter refuses to he joined as a party plaintiff to this suit, and that the said Thomas Ritter cannot he joined and is not joined as a party plaintiff within the meaning of the statutes of Missouri under which this suit is instituted.
“3. That the plaintiff, Emma Clark, alone under • the statutes of Missouri, cannot maintain this suit.
“4. That the petition does not state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action against this defendant.
“5. Because it appears upon the face of the petition that this suit was filed and instituted more than one year from the date of the death of the said' Charles Ritter, and that the plaintiff was at the time of the institution of said suit and is now barred by the Statutes of Limitations from bringing any suit on account of the death of said Charles Ritter.”
It is conceded on all sides that the case must ride off on a construction of our statutes. The statutes passing in review follow:
Section 2364, Revised Statutes 1899, of the Damage Act, in its third subdivision, touching the persons who may sue for a wrongful death, provides: “If such deceased be a minor and unmarried, .... then by the father and mother, who may join in the suit, and each shall have an equal interest in the judgment; or if either 'of them be dead, then by the survivor.”
Section 2868, Revised Statutes 1899, of the Damage Act, reads: “Every action instituted hy virtue of*530 the preceding sections of this chapter [Chapter 17, devoted to damages for torts] shall he commenced within one year after the cause of such action shall accrue.”
On April 12, 1905 (Laws 1905, p. 138) the Legislature repealed section 2868, supra, and enacted a new one in lieu thereof, numbered 2868, reading: “Every action instituted by virtue of the preceding sections of. this chapter shall be commenced within one year after the cause of such action shall accrue: Provided, that if any action shall have been commenced within the time prescribed in this section, and the plaintiff therein suffer a nonsuit, or, after a verdict for him, the judgment be arrested, or after a judgment for him, the same be reversed on appeal or error, such plaintiff may commence a new action, from time to time, within one year after such nonsuit suffered or such judgment arrested or reversed.” *
Absent an emergency clause, the new section went into force under the provisions of our Constitution on June 16, 1905. [Laws of 1905, p. 330.]
I. There has long existed in our statutes (Chapter 48 on Limitations of Actions, art. 2, Personal Actions), a section containing a saving clause in case of a nonsuit, and providing that a plaintiff “may commence a new action from time to time, within one year after such nonsuit suffered.” [Sec. 4285.] This saving clause was substantially borrowed and used in the new section, 2868, supra, now part of chapter 17 on Damages and Contributions in Actions of Tort. But in said article 2, chapter 48, it is further provided as follows (Sec. 4292): “The provisions of this chapter shall not extend to any action which is or shall be otherwise -limited by any statute; but such action shall be brought within the time limited by such statute.”
Proper construction of the last section precludes the idea that section 4285 applies to actions instituted
It is practically conceded by counsel for appellant that unless section 2868, passed in 1905, applies to the case at bar, then the demurrer is well taken; for up to that time, as the law stood, there was no saving clause tolling the Statute of Limitations relating to damage suits grounded on torts, and permitting a nonsuit and the institution of a new suit within one year after the nonsuit. It is conceded, too, that the Act of 1905 was passed to remedy the construction put on the Damage Act by Gerren v. Railroad, supra.
II. A main proposition argued by counsel for respondent is that the Statute of Limitations (Sec. 2868, supra,) is a bar to the present suit because commenced more than one year after the cause of action accrued. Contra, appellant’s counsel argues that the saving clause in section 2868 applies. To that, respondent’s counsel replies that the statute was not intended to affect suits then pending but its force is spent on suits to be instituted in the future. If, now, the fact be recalled that the present suit was brought more than a year after the death of Charles Ritter, that the original suit was commenced before the present section 2868 was enacted and that the nonsuit was suffered on the 19th of August, 1905, and while the new section was in force, we have the whole contention outlined.
(a) It cannot he held that the section in hand is violative of section 15, article 2, of the Constitution prohibiting the passing of laws retrospective in their operation. This, because the retrospective laws forbidden by that instrument are laws impairing existing vested civil rights. The law must take away such vested right, or it must create a new obligation, impose a new duty, or attach a new disability in respect to gone-by transactions, in order to be Retrospective and under the constitutional ban. [Gladney v. Sydnor, 172 Mo. 318; Hope Mutual Insurance Co. v. Flynn, 38 Mo. 483.]
There is no vested right in a particular mode of procedure. [Roenfeldt v. Railroad, 180 Mo. 554.]
Laws merely affecting civil remedies and modes of procedure are not within the constitutional interdiction. [Golden City v. Hall, 68 Mo. App. 627; In re Life Ass'n of America, 91 Mo. 177; Coe v. Ritter, 86 Mo. 277; Wellshear v. Kelley, 69 Mo. l. c. 354-5; Porter v. Mariner, 50 Mo. 364; Haarstick v. Gabriel, 200 Mo. l. c. 244, et seq.; O’Bryan v. Allen, 108 Mo. 227.]
(b) But it is argued by respondent’s counsel that the grammatical construction of section 2868 precludes actions instituted before the passage of the law. They point out that a future form of the verb is used in the phrase, “shall have been commenced,” and they contend that the amendment of 1905 applies only to actions that “shall have been commenced” after that act took effect. They contend, further, that all legislation must be construed as prospective even where it relates to the remedy, unless the contrary intention appears in the act itself. That there is a presumption running that way.
(1) Attending to the last proposition, we observe that the general rule is that legislation is construed to
In 2 Lewis’ Sutherland Statutory Construction' (2 Ed.), section 674, the general doctrine is stated to be that: “"Where statutory relief is prescribed for a cause which is continuous in its nature, as a statute of limitations, or desertion for a certain time as ground for divorce, if the cause continues after the statute goes into effect, the future continuance of the cause may be supplemented by the time it was continuous immediately before the act was passed to constitute the statutory period. No person can claim a vested right in any particular mode of procedure for the enforcement or defense of his rights. Where a new statute deals with procedure only, prima facie it applies to all actions — those which have accrued or are pending, and future actions. What was before a subject of equitable relief may be made triable by jury without affecting vested rights. If before final decision a new law as to procedure is enacted and goes into.effect, it must from that time govern and regulate the proceedings. But the steps already taken, the status of the case as to the court in which it was commenced, the pleadings put in, and all things done under the late law, will stand, unless an intention to the contrary is plainly manifested; and pending cases are only affected by general words as to future proceedings from the point reached when the new law intervened. If what has been done under the old law is bad or insufficient under that law it remains so, though it would have been good if done in the same way under the new law. A remedy may be provided for existing rights, and new remedies added to- or substituted for those which exist. Every case must to a considerable extent depend on its own circumstances. General words in remedial statutes may
And Mr. Endlich (End. on Inter. Stat.) section 287, pnts it this way: “In this country, the general rule seems to be, in accordance with the English, that statutes pertaining to the remedy, i. e., such as relate to the course and form of proceedings for the enforcement of a right, but do not affect the substance of the judgment pronounced, and neither directly nor indirectly destroy all remedy whatever for the enforcement of the right, are retrospective, so as to apply to causes of action subsisting at the date of their passage.’'* (Ibid, section 288): “Indeed, much of this kind of legislation is held to apply, not only to existing causes of action, but also to pending proceedings. It is said that an act dealing with procedure only applies unless the contrary intention is expressed, to all actions falling within its terms, whether commenced before or after the enactment. ’ ’
The doctrine thus announced seems well-bedded in principle. We think it applies to the statute in hand, which, in its essence, is purely a remedial one, hence no presumption lies that it was intended to operate prospectively only. Being highly remedial it should be most liberally construed to further its life in advancing the remedy and striking down the mischief aimed at — the need and occasion of the law, the mischief felt and the object and remedy in view being cardinal elements in statutory interpretation. .
(2) Courts have no right, by construction, to substitute their ideas of legislative intent for that unmistakably held by the Legislature and unmistakably expressed in legislative words. 'Expressum, facit ces-sare taciturn. We must not interpret where there is no need of it. [McCluskey v. Cromwell, 11 N. Y. l. c. 601-2.]
Counsel for appellant have cited us to third volume Wisconsin Statutes 1898, p. 2913, where the Légis-lature of that State has recognized the idea of past and future meaning in such future forms of the verb, and has enacted a rule of statutory construction to the effect that “the words ‘shall have been’ include past and future cases.”
Our own statute on construction [R. S. 1899, section 4160] requires that “words and phrases shall be taken in their plain or ordinary and usual sense.” With that rule in mind, let us illustrate: If a rule were bulletined on a given Tuesday by the head-master in charge of teaching grammar in a school, as follows: “No- pupil shall be whipped twice for a mistake which shall have been made in parsing” would any boy in the school take the rule to apply only to future mistakes in parsing? Could he not well plead the rule (with high hope of its allowance) if his mistake and
Or if C, a plantation owner, is building barns and writes his overseer: “Paint all barns red that shall have been commenced,” would B, his overseer, take that command to mean that only barns commenced aftér the order should be painted red?
Nay, if a very stickler for grammatical precision • — a John Horne Tooke, a Lindlay Murray or a Dr. Marsh — should make a New Year’s rule for his self-guidance, viz.: “If my reading of any book shall have been commenced, I will finish it,” would he construe his own rule not to include Anatomy of Melancholy, or the Decline and Fall, put in reading on the prior Christmas? [See, Foley v. Dillon (Ky.), 105 S. W. 461; Douglas v. James, 66 Vt. 21.]
We may presume all legislators grammarians, but' that presumption would not drive us to the conclusion that they meant only future action when they wrote “shall have been commenced.”
(3) Moreover, section 2868 refers to “any action” which “shall have been commenced” within the time prescribed within “this section.” The time prescribed in “this section” is the same time prescribed in the repealed section — i. e., the old law is continued in force in that regard. It is quite difficult to see why, according to the English used, as got at by correct usage from the grammatical construction employed, pending actions were hot included. When the nonsuit was suffered, the statute was in force. It, therefore, operated on that particular nonsuit, and we are of opinion that plaintiff was entitled to recommence her suit within one year after the nonsuit.
That is the reasonable and just view; accordingly, we so rule: The demurrer, therefore, cannot stand on such foot.
Although our Damage Act had existed for a half century, with section 2864, supra-, in the form quoted, yet this is the first time, so far as counsel’s or our own research goes, that the precise point was here to be ruled. It must, therefore, be determined by aid of general principles of law, by construing the statute equitably, that is, in the light of its true intendment, and by parity of reasoning.
It is argued by appellant’s counsel that Thomas Bitter settled with defendant, hence his refusal to join. We are cited to cases elsewhere holding that one of two persons entitled to jointly share in a statutory penalty, or who are jointly interested in the proceeds of a judgment based on such statute, may not execute a release barring the other. We doubt not that such doctrine is good law in this jurisdiction. But, at the outset, it is well to keep the case within the channel marked out in the petition. There is no allegation that Thomas settled with defendant or executed a release. Therefore, that phase of appellant’s brief must be taken as coloring matter, used arguendo by way of hypothesis.
A bitter hard case is put by learned counsel in his brief, vis.: may Thomas, undeserving, having a joint right of action with Emma and an equal share in the amount recovered, as a mere dog in the manger, through caprice, malice, pique, stubbornness, selfishness or other ignoble reason, refuse to join in the suit, and will the law permit Emma,'the deserving mother,
Bnt there is another side to the picture. Why not suppose that Thomas, through scruples of conscience or some motive resting in honor, refused to take part in the contemplated litigation? Is that not a thinkable hypothesis ?
In determining the hard case put by counsel it is well to hear the adage in mind that hard cases make bad law — are the quicksands of the law. In our exposition of the statute it has been steadily held that, as there was no right of action for a wrongful death at common law at all, and, as the statute transmitting such right of action is in derogation of the common law, it must be construed with reasonable strictness. Furthermore, as the right of action is only of statutory origin, the Legislature had the right in creating it to prescribe a preclusive remedy, and nominate those entitled to sue and the terms on which they could sue and has done so. In Barker v. Railroad, 91 Mo. l. c. 94, it was said: “In statutory actions of this sort, the party suing must bring himself strictly within the statutory requirements necessary to confer the right, and this must appear in the petition; otherwise, it shows no cause of action.” The doctrine so announced is bottomed on the reasoning in McNamara v. Slavens, 76 Mo. 329, and in Coover v. Moore, 31 Mo. 574 — the latter case holding that: “There being thus no general right of recovery, open to all persons, representing the estate of the deceased, or interested in his life, only such persons can recover in such time, and in such manner, as is set forth in the statute. ’ ’
In Oates v. Railroad, 104 Mo. l. c. 518, Black, J., quoted, with approval, section 413 of 3 Wood’s Railway Law, reading: “It is needless to say that actions under these statutes must be brought by the persons designated therein, and within the time and in the manner therein provided. If the statute provides that the act
In Hennessy v. Bavarian Brewing Co., 145 Mo. l. c. 113, Marshall, J., speaking to the point with the concurrence of his learned brethren, said: “Our statute, on which the right alone rests and by which it has been transmitted from the child [i. e., the child killed], vests it expressly in the father and mother, eo nomine (who must join in the suit and each have an equal interest in the judgment), or if either of them be dead, then to the survivor.The fact that the statute is intended to transmit the rights of the deceased child to the father and mother, and that the relation between them as husband and wife does not affect their rights as parents, and the dissolution of the marital relations between them does not dispense with the necessity for joining both in litigation, and that neither can maintain the action alone, and that the remarriage of the wife after the dissolution of her former marital relations makes no difference as to her rights as the mother of deceased, is aptly illustrated by the history of the case of Buel v. St. Louis Transfer Co., 45 Mo. 562, and Crockett v. St. Louis Transfer Co., 52 Mo. 457.”
What was said in the Hennessy case was somewhat by way of argument and illustration; therefore, is somewhat obiter, but it is obiter of a high order, based on the reasoning of the cases cited, and must be taken as sound exposition when read with other cases and the statute in review; for instance, Senn v. Railroad, 124. Mo. 621.
Tbe Legislature enacting section 2864 of tbe Old Damage Act knew tbat divorces might ensue and that parties entitled to tbe penalty might refuse to join, and yet, in creating a new right' of action in parents, it put tbe right to recover in both (if living) and shut "its eyes to complications arising by divorce or refusal to join. Tbe many Legislatures coming after tbat one knew tbat this court uniformly construed that statute with some strictness as in derogation of tbe common law, and tbat, strictly construed, it made no provision for a divorce and none for parents who would not join to recover tbe death penalty. It would be idle to speculate-upon tbe ground for such legislative omission and silence. For aught that we know both omission and silence may bave been grounded on an allowable legislative reason.
As the clear law reads, this defendant must pay in a specified case, to-wit, when a father and mother join in tbe suit prior to judgment and in a specified sum — no more, no less. Shall we write into it by construction an added provision, to-wit, tbat tbe wrongdoer is not only liable in cases put by tbe statute itself, but is also liable in any case where one of two parents or one of a family of minors, or (under a late statute) one of two administrators or executors, is alone willing to sue for tbe penalty? Is it tbe statutory scheme tbat tbe wrong
We cannot well write the law as requested by learned counsel without thereby doing away with the rule of reasonable strict construction and without writing into the statute provisions not now there.
When at common law the assignee of a chose in action could not sue in his own name, common law courts invented a device to get round that injustice by permitting the assignee to sue in the name of the original party and, when necessary, indemnify such party against costs. So at common law “if one of the several owners of a joint interest refused to join as plaintiff, the common-law procedure, reverting to the device of ‘nominal and use plaintiffs,’ permitted the other owners to use his name as a coplaintiff.” [30 Cyc. 107.] In our own statute, there is a section regulating procedure where an interest is transferred in any action pending and borrowing that idea in a modified form. [R. S. 1899, sec. 764.] But our statutory scheme is to require suits to be brought in the name of the real party in interest. If one necessary party will not join as plaintiff, he may, under given conditions, be máde a party defendant. [R. S. 1899, sec. 544.]
We think learned counsel has mistaken the source of the power to correct evils, if any, in the statute. He should go to the Legislature and request that body to enlarge the remedy and make it flexible and broad enough to include cases within the hardships put by him in the ease at bar, and see what the lawmaker says; for it seems sensible that the lawmaker should first write the law, and not we. To us the maxim applies: Jus dicere et non jus dare.
The judgment is affirmed.
