Lead Opinion
Allstate Indemnity Company insured William Nestlehutt with a minimum $15,000 automobile policy when on June 1, 1997, he collided with Louise Clark, causing her serious injuries with over $40,000 in medicals. Clark, the plaintiff, had $100,000 uninsured/ underinsured motorist coverage under her policy with State Auto Property Casualty Jnsurance Company. Clark put her U/M carrier on notice. Wanda Byrd was the claims agent for State Auto. Debra Hinds was the claims agent for Allstate.
Both Hinds and Byrd knew from Clark that the Allstate coverage was limited and that Clark intended to make an underinsured claim against State Auto. Clark asked each agent for advice regarding the insurance coverage of the other’s policy and how to proceed. Clark indicated to Byrd that she wanted to settle both the insurance claim of Allstate and the underinsured claim of State Auto at the same time, but Byrd told Clark that she would have to settle with Allstate first and exhaust all such coverage before State Auto would pay any underinsured coverage. Byrd did not warn Clark that either a limited release or a simultaneous settlement by Allstate was necessary to avoid releasing State Auto and that a general release of Allstate would also release State Auto from all liability on its underin-sured coverage. Hinds did not tell Clark that the general release that she presented to Clark for execution would cause a release of all claims against State Auto upon execution by Clark.
After Clark executed the general release, State Auto denied any liability under the underinsured coverage. Clark sued everyone for fraud and equitable relief. The trial court granted summary judgment for Byrd and State Auto and denied summary judgment as to Allstate, Hinds, and Nestlehutt. Clark appealed, and the other defendants filed their cross-appeals. We reverse the grant of summary judgment as to Byrd and State Auto and reverse as to the denial of summary judgment for the other defendants.
1. (a) Fraud.
A fiduciary relationship does not exist between an insurer and its insured. “[T]here is no Georgia statute establishing that an accident and liability insurer occupies a fiduciary relationship to its insured. . . . The posture of an insured making a claim against his own insurer does not fall within this definition [of a confidential relationship] but is one of antagonistic interests.” Walsh v. Campbell,
Thus, Clark had no legal right to rely upon the representations of Byrd as a fiduciary or confidential advisor as the claims agent of State Auto without the exercise of ordinary diligence to determine the truth of the representations made to her that, until she settled with Allstate, she could receive no underinsured benefits from State Auto. The possible misrepresentation was in part what was stated to her by Byrd, but in larger measure what was not revealed was that a general release of Allstate barred liability of State Auto on its under-insured coverage unless the claims were settled simultaneously. Further, Byrd did not reveal that the only safe course would be to execute a limited release which would preserve Clark’s claim against State Auto but release her claim against Allstate.
Fraud or misrepresentations of fact require the plaintiff to prove: (1) that the insurer’s agent made a false representation; (2) that at the time, the agent knew it was false, because the insurer had recently litigated the same issue before this Court; (3) that the representations were made to induce Clark to act to execute a general release or refrain from acting to settle the claims at the same time or executing a limited release; (4) that Clark justifiably relied on the representations; and (5) that Clark was damaged by executing a general release that released State Auto’s underinsured coverage. Watson v. Zurich-American Ins. Co.,
Clark exercised reasonable diligence regarding reliance upon Byrd’s representations regarding prior settlement with Allstate being necessary, because she carefully read the release presented by Hinds, made specific inquiry of Hinds as to the effect of the general release of Allstate upon her claim against State Auto, and relied upon Hinds’ expertise and apparently objective statements regarding the underinsured claims against State Auto. Allstate was paying out its policy limits and receiving a release for its insured; therefore, a
(b) Promissory estoppel.
The fact that Byrd told Clark she had to settle with Allstate before State Auto would pay under the underinsured coverage could be construed by a jury to amount to a promise that induced Clark to make a substantial change of position by executing the general release with Allstate. While State Auto has a complete legal defense of the general release to underinsured coverage, injustice can be avoided only by the enforcement of a promise to pay underinsured benefits. See OCGA § 13-3-44 (a); Insilco Corp. v. First Nat. Bank,
(c) Hinds knew that Clark wanted to preserve her underin-surance claim against State Auto. There is no evidence that either Hinds or Allstate intended that the release used would release State Auto. OCGA § 33-24-41.1. Therefore, to avoid a “gross injustice” to Clark that provides no advantage to Allstate but gives an “unconscionable advantage” to State Auto requires the trial court to consider whether the evidence demonstrates such mutual mistake of law that “if prove [n] clearly, unequivocally, and decisively, would warrant a reformation of the release . . . with respect to its effect on the obligations of State Auto.” Superior Ins. Co. v. Dawkins,
Case Nos. A01A2423 and A01A2424
2. Superior Ins. Co. v. Dawkins, supra at 49-50, requires that the trial court’s denial of the motions for summary judgment as to Allstate, Hinds, and Nestlehutt be reversed, because the evidence shows that the intent of the parties, i.e., Clark, Allstate, Hinds, and Nestlehutt, when they entered into the settlement and release, was to release the insurer and its insured from further liability. Thus, the release as to them will be given its intended effect. Id. at 49-50; see also Fulghum v. Kelly, supra.
Judgment reversed.
Concurrence Opinion
concurring in part and dissenting in part.
While I concur in Division 2 of the majority opinion and agree that Nestlehutt, Allstate and Hinds were entitled to summary judgment pursuant to Superior Ins. Co. v. Dawkins,
The release signed by Clark on November 11, 1997, stated that
I do hereby release and forever discharge William Nestle-hutt and any other person, firm or corporation charged or chargeable with responsibility or liability, their heirs, representatives and assigns, from any and all claims, demands,*830 damages, costs, expenses, loss of services, actions and causes of action, arising from any act or occurrence up to the present time and particularly on account of all personal injury, disability, property damage, loss or damages of any kind already sustained or that I may hereafter sustain in consequence of an accident that occurred on or about the 1st day of June 1997. . . .
(Emphasis supplied.)
Although the entire policy issued by State Auto to Clark is not contained in the record, the initial page regarding uninsured motorist coverage is, and it provides that “[w]e [State Auto] will pay under this coverage only after the limits of liability under any applicable liability bonds or policies have been exhausted by payment of judgments or settlements.”
Therefore, any statements made by Byrd that Clark needed to deal with Allstate first regarding the limits of its policy were correct and could not form the basis for any fraud claim. Further, as Clark acknowledged, when she asked Byrd about her dealings with Allstate, Byrd told her she was not an attorney and could not give her advice. Clark’s pleadings state that she did not rely on Byrd’s representations. There is nothing in the record to indicate that Byrd even knew the wording of the Allstate release prior to receiving a copy of it in January 1998.
Clark seeks to have the release reformed as to State Auto’s liability based on her and Hinds’ claimed mutual mistake of law regarding the effect of the release on her ability to bring a claim against State Auto based on Superior Ins. Co. v. Dawkins, supra. State Auto and Byrd were entitled to summary judgment on this theory, I believe, because the facts here do not support such a mutual mistake of law. Hinds mailed the release to Clark in West Virginia where it was signed by Clark on November 20, 1997. Clark acknowledged reading the release before signing it and was “hesitant” about the wording of it. Clark also acknowledged that she had in fact already signed the release in West Virginia before she called Hinds to ask whether she could sign the documents and still pursue her claim against State Auto. Therefore, Hinds had made no representation regarding the release before Clark signed it. Further,
[w]here the parties to a written instrument have equal opportunities and means of knowing the truth concerning the contents and meaning of the instrument, the courts gen*831 erally have expected each party to rely upon his own discretion, rather than acting upon the representations of the other side. Bass v. Seaboard A.L.R. Co.,205 Ga. 458 , 467 (53 SE2d 895 ) (1949). Because no fiduciary relationship exists between a claimant and the insured’s insurance carrier, a release obtained by the insurance agent is binding on the claimant even if the statements and representations made by the agent were incorrect or erroneous unless the agent by artifice, trick, or fraud prevented the claimant from reading the entire release. Wheat v. Montgomery,130 Ga. App. 202 (202 SE2d 664 ) (1973); Conklin v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co.,240 Ga. 58 , 60 (239 SE2d 381 ) (1977).
Daniel v. Conrad,
“fraud cannot be predicated upon misrepresentations of law or misrepresentations as to matters of law.” [Cits.] The basis for this generally is that everyone is presumed to know the law, and therefore cannot in legal contemplation be deceived by erroneous statements of law. It has been held that this principle of law is especially true where there is no confidential relationship between the parties. [Cits.]
Dixon v. Dixon,
Regarding the applicability of Superior Ins. Co. v. Dawkins, supra, that case involved different facts. Initially, although the dates of the accident and the signing of the release are not stated in the opinion, those events were obviously much closer in time to the enactment of Ga. L. 1994, p. 1156, OCGA § 33-24-41.1, when uncertainty about its effect and use was apparent. There, Superior’s adjuster who sent the release to Dawkins stated that she “believed the new law would supersede the release language and allow a partial settlement.” Superior Ins. Co. v. Dawkins, supra at 49.
Here, Clark acknowledges that she was troubled by the language of the release, discussed it with her family and accountant, but, nonetheless signed it despite the clear language set out above.
Therefore, I believe there is no basis for reformation of the release regarding Byrd and State Auto and would have affirmed the trial court’s grant of summary judgment.
I am authorized to state that Presiding Judge Johnson and Judge Ruffin join in this dissent.
Notes
It is a fundamental rale of appellate practice that this Court does not consider arguments which are not argued by the parties before the trial court. See generally Comer v. Nat. Bank of Ga.,
State Auto did not even receive any information from Clark regarding her medical condition and treatment until December 24, 1997.