6 Conn. 142 | Conn. | 1826
Lead Opinion
Several objections are made against the judgment of the superior court.
1. It is said, that as the cause might have been appealed from the county court, to the superior court, no writ of error will lie. It is true, an appeal might have been taken from the judgment of the county court. The statute entitled “ an act for the regulation of civil actions,” sect. 62. allows an appeal from the judgment of the county court to the superior court, “in any action brought to, and tried by the county court, wherein the title of land is drawn in question, and determined,” &c. This action was “ brought to” the county court from a justice of the peace, under the 65th sect, of the act, in conformity with the prescription of the act, the defendant having justified under a plea of title. The words comprehend the case ; analogy justifies the practice; and, it is believed, such has been the uniform construction of the statute. It is, however, urged, that no writ of error will lie. The 69th sect, of the act declares, “ that writs of error may be brought to the superior court, from the judgments of the county and city courts, and of justices of the peace, for any error in the same, to be proceeded with according to the course of the common law,” &c. This writ of error is brought to the superior court from a judgment of the county court. It is embraced by the words of the act; and 1 have no doubt that it will lie.
2. Another question is, were the declarations of Benjamin Beach in relation to the bounds, admissible ? The bill of exceptions does not allege when the declarations were made, nor show their relevancy to the point in issue. This court cannot see, if it could conjecture, that they could bear on the issue; and this is necessary to justify their admission. If they were made before B. Beach was the owner of the land, they ought
3. The only point on which I think the decision of the superior court incorrect, is, in deciding, in opposition to the opinion of the county court, that the mortgage deed from Lydia Mills to Abby Betsey Mills, was not proper evidence in support of the plea of title pleaded by the defendant. In this plea of title, it was alleged, that "Abby Betsey Mills was the true and legal owner of the land on which, &c., and was then and there lawfully seised and possessed of the same." As the defendant Clark justified under the licence and authority of Abby Betsey Mills, the deed was good evidence, as was supposed, in his defence.
Sinzeon Beach contends, that the deed being a mortgage, though the law-day had expired, and though th~ mortgagee had gone into possession, by an agreement with the mortgagor, as the bill of exceptions finds; yet it did not prove, that Abby B. Mills was the true and legal owner, and was seised and possessed of the land, &c. in support of this position, The King v. St. Michaels, Doug. 632. is cited. There, Lord Mansfield said. on a question whether a mortgagor gained a settlement, "It is an affront to common sense, to say the mortgagor is not the real owner." Numerous decisions of the supreme court of New-York and Massachusetts, are in accordance with this doctrine. In Connecticut, the same general principle has been repeatedly recognized. In Barkhamsted v. Farmington, 2 Conn. Rep. 600, it was decided, that the mortgagor was to be regarded as the owner of the land to every purpose, except the right of possession; and in Fish v. Fish, 1 Conn. Rep. 559. a widow of a deceased mortgagor was adjudged to be entitled to dower in an equity of redemption. In Huntington v. Smith, 4 Conn. Rep. 235., it was holden. that the interest of the mortgagee in mortgaged premises could not be taken in execution, after the expiration of the law-day; and in Leonard v. Bosworth, 4 Conn. Rep. 426. a mortgage was decided to be not an alienation within the statute against selling pretended titles.
I am not disposed to question or impair the authority of these cases; nor does the point in examination require it. But we
But without the aid of these principles, so reasonable and just, the deed in question, was undoubtedly admissible. The issue was joined on the plea of the defendant, founded upon the 65th sect. of the statute above quoted. The last clause of that sect, is as follows : “ and if on trial, before such court, (that is, the county court to which it has been removed, by previous provision,) he shall fail to make out a title paramount to the title of the plaintiff, he shall pay treble damages and cost.” The defendant, then, under this statute, is bound to make out a title paramount to that of the plaintiff. With this object in view, he offers a mortgage deed to the person by whom he was authorized to enter, and who had gained a possession by the agreement of the mortgagor. As yet, no title, of any description, is shewn to exist in Simeon Beach, the plaintiff. It does not appear, whether he claims under any title, or whether he is a mere stranger. Why, then, may not Clark show a title by mortgage in A. B. Mills, under whom he has entered, and by
It is again said, that upon the authorities above cited, the deed did not prove the averment of seisin, in the technical sense of the term. Be it so, for the sake of argument, but for no other purpose; what then ? It proved some degree or kind of title, if the mortgagee gets any title by the mortgage, and that he does, is not denied. This Court decided, in the case of Hitchcock v. Hotchkiss, 1 Conn. Rep. 470. that “ where land, in which the debtor had an estate for life only, is levied upon, appraised and set off as an estate in fee simple, the creditor acquires a title to the estate, which the debtor had.” In an action of ejectment, the plaintiff may recover, if he proves a right to the possession, though he alleges his quantity of interest to be greater than it is proved to be. A declaration in ejectment counting on a seisin in fee, would be sustained, by proof of an estate for life.
In every view of this case, I am satisfied, that the opinion expressed at the circuit, that the deed from Lydia Mills to A. B. Mills was not admissible, was incorrect; but as the judgment of the county court was erroneous in the admission of the declarations of Benjamin Beach, the superior court was correct in reversing it; and, of course, the judgment of the superior court must be affirmed.
Concurrence Opinion
For the reasons assigned, in this case, by the judge appointed to deliver them, I concur in affirming the judgment of the superior court; but relative to the admission of the mortgage deed in evidence, to sustain the defendant’s plea of title, I have the misfortune to differ from my learned brethren. I am of opinion, that it should have been rejected.
The defendant avers, in his plea, that “ one Abby Betsey Mills was the true and legal owner of the land on which, &c- and was, then and there, lawfully seised and possessed of the
The allegations of the plea were traversed; and to sustain them, the defendant offered in evidence a mortgage deed, executed to the said Abby, by one Lydia Mills, accompanied by proof of possession in the mortgagee, and with an admission, that the equity of redemption in the mortgaged premises, had not been foreclosed.
I am of opinion, that in relation to the plaintiff, a stranger to the mortgage, the title to the mortgaged premises was vested in Lydia Mills, the mortgagor; and that the offered testimony conduced to prove no essential part of the defendant’s plea. Although the plea terminates in the single point of title, it composes two distinct averments. The first is, that Abby B. Mills is the owner of the land in question, and seised of the same ; and the second, that she is in possession. This plea of title under the statute must be sustained by proof throughout, or at least, of such part of it, as in law constitutes a valid defence.
It was contended at the bar, in the argument of this case, that the deed of A. B. Mills conjoined with the possession taken by the assent of the mortgagor, sufficiently supported the defendant’s plea. It was not, nor could it be argued, with any plausibility, that the plea was sustainable by the proof of mere naked possession. But it was insisted, that a lawful possession, independent of the seisin averred, supported enough of it; and that the unproved averments beyond this, might be considered as redundant. The high respect I entertain for the learned counsel, who pressed this point upon the court, alone induces me to regard it; and if my argument should be deemed unnecessary, I hope this will be admitted, at least, as a sufficient apology.
It is an unquestionable principle, that, in an action of trespass, the plaintiff is not obliged to set forth his title, but may declare generally on his possession. 1 Chitt. Plead. 175. Archb. Plead. 216. The reason is, because the action is founded on possession only, and not on title. Lambert v. Stroother, Willes 218. 221. Catteris v. Cowper, 4 Taun. 547. An injury to the plaintiff’s possession is the gist of his action; and all beyond this is redundant, and unnecessary to be proved. Although he
the law relative to a special plea in bar, is widely different. It is not possession, however lawful, that will authorize or support such a plea, but title only. Hence, as is said in Archbold’s Pleading, (p. 216.) although in trespass quare clausum fregit, it is not necessary for the plaintiff to set forth his title, but he may declare generally on his possession, yet, “ in pleas, the rule is otherwise for, “ if the matter of defence arise from title in the defendant, the title must be set forth fully in the plea, in order that the plaintiff may have an opportunity of traversing it.” Grimstead v. Marlowe, 7 Term Rep. 717. 718. Lodge v. Frye, Cro. Jac. 52. Faldo v. Ridge, Yelv. 74. Pearle v. Bridges, 2 Wms. Saund. 402. n. 1, 1 Ro. Rep. 13.
To the argument that lawful possession sustains a sufficiency of the defendant’s plea of title, I will reply specifically and distinctly.
1. The lawful possession of the defendant in an action of trespass, is never pleadible in bar, but can be given in evidence only under the general issue. The reasons are, that the plain- tiff avers, and is indispensibly bound to support his possession, the very gist of his action ; and the defendant cannot plead any matter in bar, unless he admit the plaintiff ’ s possession. 1 Chitt. Plead. 511. Archbold’s Plead. 215. 217.
The law has made adequate provision for his defence, by allowing him to give in evidence, under the general issue, every fact that invalidates the plaintiff’s title. 1 Chitt. Plead. 494. Lambert v. Stroother, Willes 218. 222. Dodd v. Kyffin, 7 Term Rep. 354. Argent v. Durrant, 8 Term Rep. 403. Any matter of defence, which denies what the plaintiff would, on the gen- eral issue, be bound to prove in the first instance, in support of his action, may and ought to be given in evidence under that plea, although any ground of defence, which admits the facts alleged in the declaration, but avoids the action by matter, which the plaintiff would not be bound to prove or dispute in the first instance, on the general issue, may be pleaded specially. 1 Chitt. Plead. 497. Gibbons v. Pepper, 4 Mod. 405. Hussey v. Jacob, 1 Ld. Raym. 88, 9. 3 Bla. Comm. 309. Hence, it unquestionably re- sults, that, in an action of trespass, the defendant may not plead specially, that he was in the actual and lawful possession of the the
In bar of the plaintiff’s action, the defendant may plead title, or liberum tenementum, to wit, that the locus in quo is his close soil, and freehold; or that thereof he is seised in his demesne as of fee. 9 Went. Plead. 102. 124. 182. 2 Chitt. Plead. 560. But wherever title is pleaded, there is an end to the question about possession, and the issue is on the mere title. The plea necessarily admits the fact of the plaintiff’s possession, as well as the entry of the defendant on the premises, and justifies the doing that, of which the plaintiff complains. Archbold’s Plead. 217. 1 Chitt. Plead. 511. If the plea do not admit the facts averred by the plaintiff, and made the subject of his complaint, except that he has the freehold title, it is not a justification, but a denial of the facts, and is exceptionable as amounting to the general issue. Taylor v. Cole, 3 Term Rep. 292. 298. Holler v. Bush, 1 Salk. 394. Hallett v. Burt, Carth. 380. 1 Chitt. Plead. 511. 1 Wms. Saund. 28. n. 1. 14. n. 3. “ The construction of the statute,” (concerning the plea of title in trespass,) say the court, in Strong v. Smith, 2 Caines’ Rep. 28. "no doubt, is, that when a defendant sued for a trespass before a justice, relies on his title, he admits the trespass.”
2. If the plea of the defendant is construed connectedly, and such is the unquestionable rule of construction, it avers the possession of a freehold estate in A. B. Mills, which is equivalent to an averment, that she is seised of the freehold. Whatever, then, satisfies the allegation of seisin of the freehold, equally falsifies the averment of possession of the freehold ; for if A. B. Mills was not the owner and seised of the locus in quo, she was not possessed, pursuant to the defendant's averment, of a freehold estate. Strike out the allegation of freehold, and nothing remains, but an averment of naked possession ; retain it, and the plea never can be established, by proof of any possession, that falls short of evincing a seisin of the freehold. Were it not for the reference of the possession to the freehold, the plea thus far, would be without any character, and void for manifest uncertainty; as until the trial it could not be known, whether the reliance of the defendant was on the possession of an estate in fee simple, for life, for years, at will, or by licence; and the
3. As the defendant has averred seisin and possession of a freehold in A. B. Mills, he must prove it, if possession of a less estate legally pleaded, would have been sufficient. It is an established rule, that, where a party takes on himself to state in any pleading a substantial averment, or alleges a precise estate, which he is not hound to do ; yet, if they are material and bear on the question, he gives the other party the advantage of traversing them, and inevitably fails, unless he sustain his averment. 2 Wms. Saund. 207. a. n. 24. 1 Wms. Saund. 346. n. 2. 1 Chitt. Plead. 231. Yelv. 195. Thus, in Leake’s case, Dyer 365. it became necessary that the plaintiff should show, that he had a right to put his cattle into a close, against which he was bound to repair the fence ; but a seisin in fee was not necessary to give that right. A term for life, or years, or even an estate at will, would have conferred it. But the plaintiff having alleged a seisin in fee, he was held to the proof of it. 1 Chitt. Plead. 525. 2 Wms. Saund. 207. a. n. 22. This is precisely, in substance, the present case.
Lastly, it is the freehold title pleaded, that authorizes the removal of an action of trespass from a justice, to the county court, and which gives jurisdiction to such higher court. Nothing short of this authorizes such removal. If this principle is admitted, it is indispensable that a freehold title be proved.
The statute (p. 52. tit. 2. s. 65.) enjoins the removal of un-appealable actions of trespass, only when brought before a justice, and the “ defendant shall justify by plea of title." The expression "plea of title,” by familiar use and frequent application in practice, has the precision of a technical term. It is synonymous with the phrase a plea of liberum tenementum, or seisin in fee ; and such is its established signification. Riggs v. Woodruff, 2 Root 35. Abel v. Abel, 1 Root 549. Whoever heard, that a plea of lawful possession by the defendant, was considered to be a plea of title ?
The only conceivable reason forgiving to unappealable causes in trespass, when title is pleaded, the privilege of removal from a justice to a higher court, that there maybe a solemn trial by jury, (a privilege not allowed in other actions, and inadmissible, if the direct consequences of the action were alone in
An unmerited stress was put in the argument, on the expression of title paramount used in the statute ; as if it warranted the construction, that any title superior to that relied on, by the plaintiff, authorized the contemplated defence; or in other words, that by plea of title, was only intended, any claim of right, higher than the one exhibited by the plaintiff. The absurd consequences resulting from such construction, would effectually repel it. On the above exposition of the law, if the plaintiff should rely alone on possession, the defendant’s right of possession would be a superior title ; and the legislature, on the construction advanced, will have dignified such right, perhaps for a day only, by the imposing denomination of a plea of title; and have authorized the removal of the cause to a superior tribunal, for the solemn determination by jury, of this unimportant question.
It is said, by Sir Edward Coke, (1 Inst. 381. b.) “that it is the most natural and genuine exposition of a statute, to construe one part of the statute by another part of the same statute; for that best expresseth the meaning of the makers ; and this exposition is ex visceribus actus. The act of the legislature, requiring the removal of actions of trespass from a justice of the peace to the county court, (Stat. p. 52. tit. 2. sect. 65.) prescribes, that it shall take place, when “the defendant shall justify by plea of title to the land.” I have endeavoured to show, that by this expression, construed by itself, as well as with re ference to the object of the law, title to the freehold was intended. At the close of the section just read, it is said, “ if on trial, before such court, he (the defendant) shall fail to make out a ti
After all, if a different opinion is entertained, it will not vary the case. The defendant has pleaded freehold title, and must stand or fall, by the truth or falsehood of this averment.
It results as an infallible consequence, that the defendant, who has pleaded liberum tenementum in Abby B. Mills, must sustain this averment by proof; even if the law would sanction a different plea. It is the pith and marrow of the plea; and the only matter that gives it support or sufficiency.
The remaining question is, whether a mortgagee in possession is seised of the mortgaged land This the defendant has averred ; and this he must clearly establish.
It will be borne in mind, that the plaintiff is neither mortgagor nor mortgagee, nor claiming under either; and that, as against him, a stranger to the mortgage, the defendant has assumed the burden of sustaining his title. This proposition, then, he must support; that, as against a stranger, the mortgagee in possession and before foreclosure, is seised of the freehold. Now, if this is a legal title, the mortgagor is not seised ; for it would be absurd to advance the contradictory assertion, that there is a seisin both in the mortgagor and mortgagee.
In a court of chancery, that the mortgagor is viewed, as being seised of the freehold, and the mortgagee as having a lien upon the land by way of pledge only, is too clear to be made a question. 1 W. Bla. Rep. 145. 1 Pow. Mort. 246, 7. 2 Fonb. Eq. 284. It is a rule in equity, that a mortgagee is only a trustee ; and, as in the civil law, a mortgage is only a security for money, and passes only a chattel interest, that nothing is conveyed to
It was said by Sir John Mitford, afterwards Lord Redesdale, that “ the distinction between strict law and equity, is never, in any country, a permanent distinction. Law and equity are in continual progression ; and the former is constantly gaining ground upon the latter. A great part of what is now strict law, was formerly considered as equity; and the equitable decisions of this age, will unavoidably be ranked under the strict law of the next.” Mitf. 428. Millar's Historical View of the English Government, p. 433. No learned lawyer wants a proof or illustration of these remarks; and even our own reports furnish abundant confirmation of this unquestionable truth. 4 Day 6.
The equitable doctrine, concerning the rights of mortgagor and mortgagee, has gradually been naturalized in the common law code; and by the adoption of principles long established in chancery, and tenaciously adhered to, the suitors are not driven from one bar, by increased litigation and expense, to obtain infallible relief at another. Accordingly, it has become well settled in courts of common law, that the mortgagee, until foreclosure, has only a chattel interest. A half century since, the distinct rights of mortgagor and mortgagee were declared by Lord Mansfield. In Martin v. Mowlin, 2 Burr. 978. it was said, by this illustrious judge, that “ a mortgage is a charge upon the land, (not the fee simple;) and that whatever would give the money will carry the estate in the land along with it, to every purpose. The estate in the land is the same thing as the money due upon it. It will be liable to debts ; it will go to executors ; it will pass by a will not made and executed with the solemnities required by the statute of frauds ; the assignment of the debt, or forgiving it, will draw the land after it; nay, it will do it, though the debt were forgiven by parol.” From these properties of the mortgagee’s estate, it appears in the strongest manner, that it is not in the land, but in the security only. By the same judge, in The King v. St. Michaels, Doug. 602. it was said, that “a mortgagor in possession gains a settlement, because the
By the supreme court of the state of New-York it has been adjudged, that the mortgagor, notwithstanding the mortgage, is seised, and the legal owner as to all persons, except the mortgagee and his representatives. Hitchcock & ux. v. Warrington, 6 Johns. Rep. 290. Runyan v. Mersereau, 11 Johns. Rep. 532. In the latter case, it was decided, that the mortgagor may maintain trespass against the mortgagee; that mortgages are not conveyances of land ; and that the freehold is in the mortgagor. 3 Johns. Ca. 329. 1 Johns. Rep. 590. 4 Johns. Rep. 42. The same court has determined, that the mortgagee has only a chattel interest; (15 Johns. Rep. 319.) that an outstanding mortgage is not a breach of the covenant of seisin; (7 Johns. Rep. 376.) and that the wife of the mortgagor is entitled to dower. 7 Johns. Rep. 278. 15 Johns. Rep. 319. Vid. 5 Johns. Ch. Rep. 452. The debt is considered as the principal, and the mortgage as an incident only. 1 Johns. Rep. 580. 4 Johns. Rep. 41.
To the same effect are the determinations in the supreme court of Massachusetts. Groton v. Boxborough, 6 Mass. Rep. 50. Goodwin v. Richardson, 11 Mass. Rep. 469. Bolton v. Ballard, 13 Mass. Rep. 227. Snow v. Stevens, 15 Mass. Rep. 278. In Kelly & ux. v. Beers, 15 Mass. Rep. 387. it was said, by Jackson, J., in delivering the opinion of the court; “ a mortgagor is considered as the owner of the land, as to all the world, except the mortgagee.”
In Blaney v. Bearce, 2 Greenleaf 132. Mellen, C. J. said, “ as between the mortgagor and other persons (not mortgagees,) he is considered as still having the legal estate in him, and the power of conveying the legal estate to a third person, subject to the incumbrance of the mortgage.”
A recurrence to other similar determinations in the other states is unnecessary, as in the state of Connecticut, and by this Court, the distinct rights of mortgagor and mortgagee have been often, and, I trust, definitively settled.
Sixteen years since, in Gunn v. Scovill, 4 Day 234. it was adjudged, that a deed by a dissiesed mortgagee, to the mortgagor out of possession, was not within the statute against selling pretended titles. The nature of the mortgagee’s title was lu
After a review of the numerous and uniform determinations of this Court, spreading over a period of nearly twenty years, and harmonizing with all the decisions of the judiciaries on both sides the Atlantic, I put the question, (the affirmative of which the defendant is bound to sustain ;) Is the mortgagee seised of the premises mortgaged ? Certainly not, if the rule stare decisis, or a decent respect to the determinations of the most respectable courts, is permitted to influence.
It, however, was said, in the argument of the case, that the mortgagee’s possession enlarged his title, and made him tenant of the freehold.
In my judgment, a more gratuitous assertion cannot be made. There is nothing in the nature of this fact per se, that adds to the mortgagee’s title, or the title of any other person. Before entry, the grantee of land, except where possession is requisite to commence a right, has title, not enlarged by subsequent occupation ; as such occupation confers not any right, but merely gives the enjoyment of a right antecedent. If the supposition, which neither principle nor analogy countenances, were true, that the possession of the mortgagee gives him seisin of the freehold, he would always be seised; for he would never fail to enter.
After possession, just as before, the estate mortgaged is a pledge only; the relation of creditor and debtor exists; the equity of redemption is unimpaired ; or if the law-day has not elapsed, the payment of the debt, annihilates all the rights of the mortgagee; and every thing is in statu quo. All this is true, until foreclosure is effected. Then it is, that the mutual relation of the parties becomes changed. There is no longer a mortgage or pledge, a creditor or debtor, a mortgagor or mortgagee, or an equity of redemption. The mortgaged premises, by a legal appropriation thereof, are lost to the mortgagor forever; and the mortgagee has become tenant in fee simple. This point was settled, by the unanimous opinion of this Court, in Swift v. Edson, adjudged a year since, in the county of Fair-
On what principle, then, as against the plaintiff, a stranger to the mortgage, shall the mortgagee sustain a plea of title to the freehold? How shall he be considered as having proved a fact, which his testimony disproves? Shall he be permitted to support a plea of title to the freehold, that works an estoppel on all parties, by the exhibition of a mortgage, which demonstrates that he has not the title?
It has been argued, that the mortgagee may maintain an ejectment without notice to quit. Undoubtedly he may; but what consequence does this infer? Although the mortgagee has a chattel interest only, yet in order to render his pledge available, and give him the intended benefit of his security, he is necessarily indulged with this, the only instrument, by which he can obtain the possession of the land mortgaged. I repeat the observation of Reeve, J. in Gunn v. Scovill, 4 Day 242. “I think it is too late to say, that mortgages, in the hands of the mortgagee, are real property. They are only considered in that point of light, for the purpose of enabling the mortgagee to get into possession. When contemplated in every other point of light, they are personal property.”
It does not result from the preceding admission, that the mortgagee may plead title, even against the mortgagor; much less, that he may defend his possession, by this plea, against a stranger. When, until the present case, was such a plea tendered by the mortgagee?
That the mortgagee may recover possession of the premises mortgaged, by the only real action known to our law, results from the necessity of the case, and the construction of the mortgage. It was the intention of the parties, that he should have possession of the thing hypothecated, without which, the mortgage would be of no avail. Nor does the capacity of sustaining the action of disseisin here imply but the person who sustains it, is tenant of the freehold. The plaintiff may allege that he is seised of the premises; and if he has a possessory right, his action is supported. 2 Sw. Syst. 68, 9. Chalker v. Chalker, 1 Conn. Rep. 79. Hitchcock v. Hotchkiss, 1 Conn. Rep. 470.
From the preceding observations it does not result, that the mortgagee has a freehold interest, or that, when in possession, he may justify by plea of title. There is no necessity for this doctrine; no established rule authorizing it; and no analogy, from the principles regarding declarations, to those which relate to a special plea. A tenant for years may sustain ejectment; but he cannot successfully plead liberum tenementum. How, then, can the mortgagee? He has not a freehold estate; and although, like tenant for years, on his possessory right he may maintain disseisin; yet, having no interest superior to such tenant, he cannot plead title.
I have said nothing concerning the right of the mortgagee to sue without notice, as this doctrine has no reference to his title. Rockwell & al. v. Bradley, 2 Conn. Rep. 1. Wakeman & al. v. Banks, 2 Conn. Rep. 445. It presupposes only, that the mortgagor in possession, under an indefinite licence, is at all times liable to the suit of his mortgagee. It is the possessory right of the mortgagor, that alone is in question.
To conclude. If a thing is characterized by its properties, the mortgagor, as against strangers at least, is seised of the premises mortgaged; and until foreclosure, the mortgagee has only a chattel interest. The mortgagor’s interest is transferable only by deed, duly attested by two witnesses, and acknowledged before a justice; it descends to his heirs; it is subject to execution as real estate; it is liable to dower; it gives a settlement by freehold estate; it is, in England, a freehold qualification for members of parliament; and, in short, by uniform decisions, it is the ownership in the land. On the other hand, the interest of the mortgagee is transferable without deed, by a delivery of the security only; it is vested in executors; it is not liable to execution; it is not subject to dower; it gives no settlement; it authorizes no vote; and, by invariable and numerous determinations, is a chattel interest, or chose in action only.
Judgment affirmed.