14 F.2d 143 | N.D. Cal. | 1926
These interrogatories raise questions as to which there has been an apparent diversity of ruling in this court, and the practice with regard to which should be made uniform. The objections to them fall within three groups, which will be considered separately.
Plaintiff objects to interrogatories 1 — 84, on the ground that they call for evidence as to the dates of invention or conception of its patents, and as to the dates of their re-, duction to practice. The argument is that to compel disclosure of such matters is to encourage the production of false evidence. In reply it is argued that to require plaintiff to disclose the dates of invention of its patents, not only is in keeping with, the ob
In the Southern district of California defendants’ view obtains. Miller & Pardee, Inc., v. Lawrence A. Sweet Manufacturing Co. (D. C.) 3 F.(2d) 198. Likewise in the Southern district of New York, Judges Mayer, Hough, and Learned Hand (all now of the Circuit Court of Appeals of the Second Circuit) and Judge Augustus N. Hand have joined in an opinion that dates of invention and of prior use are the subjects of a bill of particulars (Dick Co. v. Underwood Typewriter Co. [D. C.] 235 F. 300, 305); and there are other authorities to the same effect (Batdorf v. Sattley Coin Handling Machine Co. [D. C.] 238 F. 925, 926; Marquette Manufacturing Co. v. Oglesby Coal Co. [D. C.] 247 F. 351, 353). In this court, four years ago Judge Van Pleet held that interrogatories as to such matters were proper (American Chain Co., Inc., v. Chester N. Weaver Co., Inc., Equity No. 641), and in 1925, while sitting here, Judge Farrington overruled objections to similar interrogatories in two eases’ (Alliance Securities Co. v. J. A. Mohr & Son, Equity No. 1280; Alliance Securities Co. v. Standard Oil Co., Equity No. 1299), relying, as I am credibly informed, on Judge Van Fleet’s decision and on that of Judge James in Miller & Pardee, Inc., v. Lawrence A. Sweet Manufacturing Co., supra.
.Judge Van Pleet believed these interrogatories “are well within the requirements of the rule, and call for nothing improper.” American Chain Co., Inc., v. Chester N. Weaver Co., Inc., supra. Elsewhere it has been said that the faets sought to be elicited are “material to the defense of the cause, since they tend to better advise defendant as to the ease it has to meet at the trial, and since the answers might place defendant in a position to ascertain which, if any, of its alleged defenses are immaterial.” Batdorf v. Sattley Coin Handling Machine Co., supra. I think the argument extremely pertinent that, unless these interrogatories are answered, defendants will be compelled, at great expense, to prepare and introduce in evidence the proof of faets which eventually may be found entirely useless to their ease. Simplification of. the issues, at the earliest possible stage of the litigation, seems to me the cardinal purpose of interrogatories, and it would be inconsistent with that purpose to sustain objections to those now under consideration. Nor does it follow that plaintiff must suffer detriment by answering them.
In Dick Co. v. Underwood Typewriter Co., supra, Judge Mayer said: “It may be observed that there should always be an interchange of dates. * * * If, under such circumstances, one side were called upon to give the date of invention, while the opposing side was not called upon for prior use dates, there might readily be instances in which this information might be misused. It is believed that the system of contemporaneous exchange will work out fairly to both' sides of the litigation.” In Batdorf v. Sattley Coin Handling Machine Co., supra, an equivalent intimation was made, with the suggestion that “it would seem a proper procedure *• * * to require both the plaintiffs and the defendant to file the answers to such interrogatories in sealed envelopes, * * * the sealed envelopes containing the answers to the interrogatories to be opened by the clerk the day following the date set by the court for the filing thereof.” Such, also, was the opinion of Judge Van Pleet in American Chain Co., Inc., v. Chester N. Weaver Co., Inc., supra, where he said that ordinarily reciprocal disclosure would be required.
While theoretically the court is not bound to assume that a perjured ease will be brought in when the opportunity is open (Miller & Pardee, Inc., v. Lawrence A. Sweet Manufacturing Co., supra), nevertheless the cases are far too numerous in which such apprehensions have been well founded. In Alliance Securities Co. v. J. A. Mohr & Son, supra, defendants were not ordered to disclose the dates of prior use on which they relied, and plaintiff answered unconditionally. When the case was submitted for decision, plaintiff’s counsel argued, with considerable merit, that the entire defense upon this issue had been based on perjured testimony. Where there is such a risk, I see no reason why steps should not be taken to eliminate it.
The second group of interrogatories calls for the statement of what act or acts of defendants are complained of as infringements on plaintiff’s patents. It is objected that these are matters within the knowledge of defendants, as to which plaintiff should not he subject to interrogation. Although this may be strictly true, the fact remains that in bringing this suit plaintiff must have had such knowledge, whieh sooner or later it must disclose in order to prove its ease. In overruling similar objections, Judge Bean -lately said: “It ought to be the purpose and object in litigation of this kind to simplify the ■ issues as much as possible, so that the
The ninetieth interrogatory requires plaintiff to produce a copy of the instruments through which it derives title to its patents. Although there is some authority to the contrary, the unbroken practice of this court has been to sustain such an interrogatory, whenever questioned.
All the objections are overruled, but, for reasons above stated, the order will be that plaintiff’s answers to interrogatories 1-84 be sealed and deposited with the clerk, on or before April 30, 1926; that on said date .defendants seal and deposit in like manner the dates of conception of all prior inventions on which they rely; and that the seals be broken and the deposited papers filed on May 1, 1926.
