94 N.C. App. 117 | N.C. Ct. App. | 1989
Plaintiff brings forward four assignments of error on appeal. First, plaintiff asserts the trial court erred in denying plaintiff’s motion for judgment on the pleadings and granting summary
Plaintiff first contends that defendant’s counterclaim premised on negligence cannot lie against plaintiff. Defendant asserts that in a cause of action for tort, a contract between the parties creates “the relation out of which arises the common-law duty to exercise ordinary care.” Pinnix v. Toomey, 242 N.C. 358, 362, 87 S.E. 2d 893, 898 (1955). The North Carolina courts have only recognized breach of contract as the basis for an action in tort where a promisor’s negligent or willful act or omission in the course of performance of the contract results in personal injury or physical damage to property. Ports Authority v. Roofing Co., 294 N.C. 73, 81-82, 240 S.E. 2d 345, 350-51 (1978). The decisions fall into four categories:
(i) injury to the person or property of someone other than the promisee;
(ii) injury to the property of the promisee, other than the property which was the subject of the contract, or personal injury to the promisee;
(iii) loss of, or damage to, the promisee’s property which was the subject of the contract, the promisor being charged by law, as a matter of public policy, with the duty to use care in the safeguarding of the property from harm; and
(iv) willful injury to or conversion of the property of the prom-isee, which was the subject of the contract, by the promisor.
See id. In the present case plaintiff’s alleged breach of contract, its underbilling of defendant, neither resulted in personal injury to defendant nor physical injury to defendant’s property. Therefore, defendant’s cause of action, if any, cannot properly sound in tort.
Plaintiff next argues that to allow the counterclaim to affect plaintiff’s recovery violates the legislative intent expressed in the Wilson City ordinance. Wilson City Ordinance 31-11 (as amended
General Statute 160A-312 gives a municipality the authority to regulate by reasonable rules any public enterprise belonging to the municipality. See also G.S. 160A-314(a). A facility to produce or distribute electricity is within the definition of public enterprise. G.S. 160A-311. Since the legislature grants this regulative authority to the municipality, a municipality in promulgating such regulations acts merely as an agent of the General Assembly. Candler v. Asheville, 247 N.C. 398, 101 S.E. 2d 470 (1958). The courts cannot inquire into the motives which prompted a municipality to enact an ordinance which is valid on its face, Clark’s v. West, 268 N.C. 527, 530, 151 S.E. 2d 5, 7-8 (1966); therefore, the court cannot frustrate the operation of such an ordinance by judicial action.
Plaintiff also argues that the trial court erred in granting defendant’s offset because to allow defendant an offset is prohibited preferential treatment. Public utilities, including utilities owned by cities, may not discriminate in the distribution of services or the setting of rates. Dale v. Morganton, 270 N.C. 567, 571-72, 155 S.E. 2d 136, 141 (1967); Wall v. City of Durham, 41 N.C. App. 649, 659, 255 S.E. 2d 739, 745, disc. rev. denied, 298 N.C. 304, 259 S.E. 2d 918 (1979). As plaintiff notes, a majority of jurisdictions which have considered the issue of underbilling by utilities have held that to disallow recovery for underbilling would amount to discriminatory charges. E.g., Corp. De Gestion Ste-Foy v. Fla. Power & Light, 385 So. 2d 124 (Fla. App. 1980); Sigal v. City of Detroit, 140 Mich. App. 39, 362 N.W. 2d 886 (1985); West Penn. Power Co. v. Nationwide Mutual Ins. Co., 209 Pa. Super. 509, 228 A. 2d 218 (1967); Memphis Light, Gas & Water v. Auburndale Sch., 705 S.W. 2d 652 (Tenn. 1986); Chesapeake & Potomac Tel. Co. of Virginia v. Bles, 218 Va. 1010, 243 S.E. 2d 473 (1978). The issue of whether a claim of negligence is available to set off a municipality’s recovery for deficient utility payments where the deficiency is caused by the utility’s underbilling the customer is one of first
In R.R. v. Paving Co., 228 N.C. 94, 44 S.E. 2d 523 (1947), the defendant prepaid the plaintiff to. transport 498 carloads of stone to a designated location. Later plaintiff sought to recover from defendant for switching charges which had not been included in the original cost. Defendant asserted that plaintiff should be estopped from recovering for these additional charges since defendant had used these costs in setting the contract price with its customer and had already received payment in full on the contract. In ruling that the common carrier could not be estopped from recovering the additional charges, the North Carolina Supreme Court stated:
[U]nder well settled principles of law and in accord with the statutes enacted to prevent rebates and discrimination among shippers, and to provide equal and impartial service to all alike, it was the duty of the plaintiff as a common carrier of freight to collect the full amount at the correct rate for transportation, and where a lawful charge therefore was negligently omitted, or rate misquoted, resulting in undercharge, the carrier was equally bound to exhaust all legal remedies to require payment in full of the proper charge.
Id. at 97, 44 S.E. 2d at 525 (citations omitted). See also Matthews v. Transit Co., 37 N.C. App. 59, 245 S.E. 2d 407, disc. rev. denied, 295 N.C. 647, 248 S.E. 2d 251 (1978).
In our view, the duty of a municipal electric company to serve the public in a non-discrimiáatory manner is analogous to the duty of a common carrier to provide “equal and impartial service.” Accordingly, we hold that the municipality cannot be prevented from collecting the correct amount for the services provided to defendant, whether by a defense based on estoppel or a counterclaim based on negligence. Accord Denver & Rio Grande Western R.R. v. Marty, 143 Colo. 496, 353 P. 2d 1095, 88 A.L.R. 2d 1370 (1960) (counterclaim for damages not proper); Wisconsin Power & Light Co. v. Berlin Tanning & Mfg. Co., 275 Wis. 554, 83 N.W. 2d 147 (1957) (set off and counterclaim not proper).
Since we have ruled that, as a matter of law, defendant was not entitled to recover on its counterclaim, we deem it unnecessary to address plaintiff’s remaining assignments of error.
