11 Pa. Super. 355 | Pa. Super. Ct. | 1899
Lead Opinion
Opinion by
The defendant, an officer in the Salvation Army, was arrested and sentenced to pay a fine and costs for violating an ordinance of the city of Wilkes-Barre. An appeal was taken to the court of common pleas, where a case was agreed to, and after hearing, a judgment was entered for the plaintiff, and the record has been brought to this court for review.
The ordinance, for the violation of which the defendant was arrested and fined, is as follows:
“ It shall not be lawful for any person or persons to appear in any of the public streets or places in said city to play upon any hand organ, hurdy-gurdy, tambourine' or other musical instruments, or beat upon a drum, or blow a horn or trumpet, without a permit from the Mayor, and any such permit may be revoked by the Mayor, whenever he may deem it expedient. And whoever appears in any of the streets, alleys, or public places to play, beat, or blow upon either of such instruments without such permit, shall be hable to a fine of not less than two dollars nor more than twenty dollars. The high constable or any policeman shall have the right to demand for examination the permit of any person so playing, beating or blowing. And no hand organ shall be played more than one hour in any one day in any part of a public street between the same two cross streets, nor more than twenty minutes.in front of the same premises, under a penalty of two dollars for each offense.” Adopted March 22, 1878.
As to the first claim — that the ordinance is void because it interferes with man’s natural and indefeasible right to worship God according to the dictates of his own conscience — it cannot be sustained. Laws are made for the government of actions, and while they cannot interfere with mere religious belief and opinions they may with practices. Suppose one believed that human sacrifices were a necessary part of religious worship, would it be seriously contended that the civil government under which he lived could not interfere to prevent a sacrifice ? Reynolds v. United States, 98 U. S. (8 Otto), 145. Religious liberty does not include the right to introduce and carry out every scheme or purpose which persons see fit to claim as part of their religious system. While there is no legal authority to constrain belief, no one can lawfully stretch his own liberty of action so as to interfere with that of his neighbors, or violate peace and good order. The whole criminal law would be practically superseded if, under pretext of liberty of conscience, the commission of crime is made a religious dogma: In re Frazee, 63 Mich. 396. It is not necessary to cite any further authorities in support of so plain a proposition.
By an act of incorporation of May 4, 1871, P. L. 539, the then borough of Wilkes-Barre was made a city. The new charter became the source of power to enact and enforce the ordinance in question. By section 27 of the act, the power of the corporation “ shall be vested in the corporate officers designated in the charter, to wit: the mayor and the city council; they
The legislature of the state represents the public at large, and has full and paramount authority over all public ways. The object of incorporating a town or city is to invest the inhabitants of the locality with the government of all matters that are of special municipal concern. By the organization thus affected the state imparts to its creature, the municipality, the powers necessary to the performance of its functions, and to the protection of its citizens in their-persons and property: Sayre Borough v. Phillips, 148 Pa. 482; 1 Dillon on Mun. Corps, sec. 308. The legislature cannot delegate its power to make a law; but it can make a law to delegate a power to determine some fact or state of things upon which the law makes, or intends to make, its own action depend. To deny this would stop the wheels of government: Locke’s Appeal, 72 Pa. 491.
The police power of the state is difficult of definition, but it has been held by the coui’ts to be the right to prescribe regulations for the good order, peace, health, protection, comfort, convenience and morals of the community which do not encroach on a like power vested in congress or state legislatures by the federal constitution, or do not violate the provisions of the organic law, and, it has been expressly held that the fourteenth amendment to the federal constitution was not designed to interfere with the exercise of that power by the state : Powell v. Penna., 127 U. S. 678; Powell v. Com., 114 Pa. 205.
Under these grants of authority our cities and towns corporate are in the continual exercise of a most useful jurisdiction.
Under the authority derived through this charter, the mayor and the city council have the same authority to enact proper ordinances as the legislature would have in regard to the same Subject-matter. The councils cannot be continuously in session, and the power represented by the charter is delegated to an
The discretion vested in the mayor is not arbitrary in the proper use of the term. He is made the agent of the law, and he is bound to exercise the discretion vested in him honestly, fairly, reasonably and without prejudice or partiality, for the just purpose of effectuating the intention of the statute: State v. Yopp, 97 N. C. 477; s. c. 2 Am. St. Rep. 305.
That the power here conferred is sufficiently comprehensive to cover every regulation necessary for the government of the city and protection of its citizens cannot be doubted. The only limitation of this power is that it must be exercised in a reasonable, lawful and constitutional manner. If these limitations are not transgressed, courts cannot interfere with the ordinances of the municipality, for to the mayor and council must be left a reasonable discretion, and for the proper and wholesome exercise thereof they are accountable, not to the courts, but to the people whom they represent: O’Maley v. Freeport, 96 Pa. 24. When the municipal legislature has authority to act, it must be governed, not by our, but by its own, discretion; and we will not be hasty in convicting them of being unreasonable in the exercise of it: Fisher v. Harrisburg, 2 Grant, 291. Nothing but a clear violation of the constitution — a clear usurpation of powpr prohibited — wall justify the judicial department in pronouncing an act of the legislative department unconstitutional and void: R. R. Co. v. Riblet, 66 Pa. 164.
The general assembly is a co-ordinate branch of the state
From the case stated, it appears: “ That the organization represented by the defendant understands the divine command to require it to go into the streets and there preach the gospel; that frequent complaints have been made to the mayor against the Salvation Army; the drum having been found by experience, to be one of the most effectual of instruments to call together those to whom they wish to preach and to hold and keep their attention during the service, the use of the drum has become a regulation part of their service; that other officers of the organization had applied to the said mayor for a permit to beat the drum at their open air meetings in the streets; this the mayor refused to grant. Nevertheless they proceeded to hold their services. They were thereupon arrested and fined; that the defendant held a religious service in the street and beating drums thereat.”
The fact that the defendant represents a religious association has nothing to do with the case, nor is it pertinent to inquire into the purposes of the association, the propriety of its practices, or its .judgment as to the use of drums as a regulation part of their service. It is only when political, religious, social, or other demonstrations create public disturbance, or operate as nuisances, or create or manifestly threaten some public or private mischief, that the law interferes, and not because of the sentiments or purposes of the movement, if not otherwise unlawful. The state has authority to make regulations as to the timé, mode, and circumstances under which parties shall assert, enjoy, or exercise their rights without coming in conflict with any of those constitutional principles which are established for the protection of private rights and private property: Cooley’s Const. Lim. 596; Com. v. Davis, 140 Mass. 485; State v. Freemen, 38 N. H. 426.
The ordinance applies to all of the public streets or places in the city; it is not directed against the defendant or the organization he represents, or any other person or body of men. Its manifest purpose is to regulate the use on the streets of the instruments named therein, so as to prevent what the defendant endeavors to effect in seeking the permit, — the calling together and holding a crowd, — and it is asserted to thwart that particular evil, and for no other purpose. It is universally known that the effect of street meetings, which are frequently held in the same locality, in addition to obstructing the highway, is to induce loitering, to provoke strife and collisions, and to cause a common nuisance, and they are a serious grievance to the residents of the neighborhood. The most desirable places for such meetings are the thronged thoroughfares in the populous parts of the city, where the injury to the people at large is the greatest, and the experience of municipalities is in exact accord with that of the defendant and his associates, viz: “ The drum is an effective instrument to call together and hold a crowd.”
Ample reason for the ordinance is shown, the fine imposed is a merely nominal one, and no anticipated danger to any person is threatened or even indicated.
It has been held by some courts to be an unreasonable and invalid power to authorize the mayor or the superintendent of police, in his discretion, to prohibit street parades and processions, but an examination of the cases relied on by the appellant will show that in each one there are preferences and discriminations, or unreasonable conditions, or penalties. In State v. Dering, 84 Wis. 585; s. c. 19 L. R. A. 859, the ordinance did not apply to fire companies, the state militia, or to political parties having a state organization. In Anderson v. Wellington, 40 Kan. 173; s. c. 2 L. R. A. 110, it did not apply to funerals, fire companies, regularly organized companies of state militia, or United States troops. In Chicago v. Trotter, 136 Ill. 430, it
The case of Yick Wo v. Hopkins, 118 U. S. 356, on which the appellant confidently rests his case, is not a controlling authority. In that case it is said: “ The fact of discrimination is admitted. No reason for it is shown, and the conclusion cannot be resisted, that no reason for it exists except hostility to the race and nationality to which the petitioners belong, and which in the eye of the law is not justified. The discrimination is therefore illegal and the public administration which enforces it is a denial of the equal protection of the laws and a violation of the fourteenth amendment of the constitution,” and on account of this the court said: “ Though the law be fair on its face and impartial in appearance, yet, if it is applied and administered by public authority with an evil eye and an unequal hand, so as practically to make unjust and illegal discriminations between persons in similar circumstances, material to their rights, the denial of equal justice is still within the prohibition of the constitution.” While the opinion furnishes argument against the validity of the ordinances on the ground that they lodged an unrestrained and arbitrary power with a single individual, we think that the dominant reason for reversing the judgment was that the power had been exercised in a manifestly arbitrary and unreasonable manner, which reason is entirely lacking in the case before us. The San Francisco ordinances prescribed the kind of buildings in which laundries might be located, provided for the inspection of said buildings, and prohibited the kindling or maintaining of open fire in houses, the immediate effect of which was to deprive the petitioners of their property and property rights without due process of law.
As was said in Barker v. Com., 19 Pa. 412: “ If the purpose of the meeting be lawful, a suitable place can be obtained for it without obstructing the public in their undoubted right of passing along their own highways. The freedom of the press is as well deserving protection as the liberty of speech; but, no one in his wildest enthusiasm in favor of the former has claimed the right to establish printing presses in the streets; one of Hoe’s printing presses would certainly be as effectual in collecting a crowd as the harangues described in the indictment. The nuisance in the one case would be quite respectable in its nature and objects compared with the demoralizing character of the other. Both are prohibited by law as infractions of the public right of passage.”
It is not unreasonable, impartial or oppressive because the power is to be exercised by the mayor, as he may deem expedient, which is equivalent to saying in his discretion, and which implies that it must be done with a sound discretion and according to law. A hard and fast rule or a clearly defined one cannot be laid down for the granting of such permits. The discretion to be exercised is one of wide latitude, depending on season, route, purpose hr view, time, and many other conditions ; and it imports the exercise of judgment, wisdom and skill as opposed to folly, passion and prejudice. The power to act must be lodged somewhere, and the city has seen proper to place it in the hands of its chief executive.
The case stated shows that military, political, religious, social organizations, fire companies and private enterprises have been permitted, for the purpose of display and advertisement, to have parades and occupy the streets with bands composed of players on drums, etc. These were each and all moving bodies of persons along the streets. The offense of the defendant was “ having held a religious service in the streets and beating drums thereat,” which was .a stationary and fixed gathering of persons — remaining together — on the thoroughfares.
Without aid from the ordinance the mayor as the chief officer of the city would have the undoubted right, as a conservator of the peace, to disperse a crowd on a street, assembled and remaining for the purpose of holding religious worship, or for any other, or to prohibit on his own view the assembling of such a meeting, as it would necessarily interfere with the free use of the streets. To deny this power would be to turn the streets over to the will and pleasure of a mob. The purpose of the meeting does not furnish the right to hold it. The evil to be avoided is the interference with the rights of the public. The ordinance is a discretionary preventative to avoid what would reasonably be expected to happen if the use of such instruments was not restrained.
If a person doing business upon a public street carries on his business in such a way as to obstruct the street either by placing actual physical obstructions thereon, or by habitually carrying on his business in his store in such a way as to collect crowds upon the walks or streets in front of it, so as to interfere with the public travel, he is chargeable for a nuisance: Wood on Nuisances, sec, 264. The fact that the defendants’ business was lawful does not justify them in annoying the public in transacting it; it gives them no right to occupy the public highway so as to impede the free passage of it by the citizens generally: Rex v. Jones, 3 Camp. 230; People v. Cunningham, 1 Denio, 524; 43 Am. Dec. 709. A tradesman may expose his wares for sale on his own property, but he must do it in such a
The judgment is affirmed.
Dissenting Opinion
dissenting:
Does the ordinance conflict with the provision of the fourteenth amendment of the constitution of the United States which deprives the states of the power to “ deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws ? ” Upon the authority of the case of Yick Wo v. Hopkins, 118 U. S. 356, I am constrained to say that in my opinion it does. I cannot agree with the learned judge below that the doctrine of this case is that a municipal ordinance which made arbitrary and unjust discriminations founded on differences of race is inconsistent with this fourteenth amendment. The case goes much further than this. The ordinances under consideration in that case provided that no one should establish a laundry in the city of San Francisco “without having first obtained the consent of the board of supervisors, except the same be located in a building constructed either of brick or stone.” The Supreme Court of California, from whose judgment the appeal was taken, had considered that the ordinances vested in the board of supervisors the usual discretion of granting or withholding assent to
It is an established doctrine of the courts that every corporation has the implied power to pass by-laws, but such by-laws must be reasonable, consistent with the general principles of the common law, especially with those relating to the liberty of the subject, with the general law and policy of the state, and must not be oppressive, but impartial, fair and general: 1 Dillon on Mun. Corp. (6th ed.) secs. 319-322. It is true, if the legislature clearly gives a municipal corporation the power to pass by-laws of a specified and defined character, and those passed in pursuance of such a power are not in conflict with the constitution, the courts are not at liberty to declare them invalid because unreasonable, as they might do if the same bylaws were passed under the implied power of the corporation or under a general grant of power: 1 Dillon on Mun. Corp. (6th ed.) sec. 328. The powers given by the charter of the city of Wilkes-Barre are not of that class. They are found in the first clause of section 27 of the Act of May 4, 1871, P. L. 539, where the city council are given the power to pass such “ by-laws .... not inconsistent with the laws of the commonwealth, as
It is equally well established that the question whether an ordinance is reasonable and consistent with the law is for the court and not for the jury. Of course courts are bound, in determining this question, to consider all the circumstances of the particular municipal corporation whose ordinances are under review, the objects sought to be obtained and the necessity which exists for the ordinances : Dillon on Mun. Corp. (6th ed.) sec. 327. The courts of our own state have frequently exercised this power. Two notable instances of it are found in Commissioners v. Gas Co., 12 Pa. 318, and in Kneedler v. Norristown, 100 Pa. 368.
It appears clear to me that the ordinance in question in this case offends not only against the fourteenth amendment to the constitution of the United States, but also against the rule that ordinances must be fair, impartial, general, not oppressive, and consistent with the laws or policy of the state. It is evident that it does not intend to prohibit all playing on musical instruments or beating upon drums in the public streets, for it provides for a permit to do it, which clearly shows that the city council did not intend to declare against it, under any and all circumstances, as a nuisance. Nor does it prescribe regulations for the use of musical instruments or drums upon the streets with which all desiring to use them can comply. It divides all persons who desire to make, music upon the streets into two classes by an arbitrary line, upon one side of which are those who are permitted to play upon instruments or beat upon drums
The legislature of. this state shows consistent care to prevent an arbitrary and uncontrolled exercise of discretion when licenses or permits are to be issued. An examination of the different acts of assembly regulating the issuance of licenses or permits will show a marked difference in the manner of directing them to be issued between those acts in which such licenses or permits are required merely for purposes of revenue, and those in which they are required by laws founded upon the police power, passed for the purpose of regulating certain kinds of business with a view of conserving the good order or the good morals of society. Those required for purposes of revenue only are usually directed to be issued upon the mere payment of the fee. No room is left for a discretion to be exercised by the officer required to issue them. Those required because it is thought well, for the sake of the good order or good morals of the community, to regulate or restrain the business to be licensed or permitted, are usually directed to be issued only after it has been ascertained judicially that certain clearly defined conditions have been performed and prescribed limitations preserved, which conditions and limitations affect all alike similarly situated. The studiously maintained difference between these two classes of acts was clearly pointed out by Mr. Justice Mitchell, when sitting as a common pleas judge in Philadelphia county, in
The conclusion which I have reached in this case is in my opinion sustained by many authorities in addition to those already cited. City ordinances, different in no substantial respect from the one under consideration, have been declared void by the highest courts of several of the states: Anderson v. Wellington, 40 Kan. 173; 2 L. R. A. 110; Richmond v. Dudley, 129 Ind. 112; 13 L. R. A. 587; State v. Dering, 84 Wis. 585; 19 L. R. A. 859, where will be found a voluminous collection of the cases on this subject; Chicago v. Trotter, 136 Ill. 430; St. Louis v. Russell, 116 Mo. 248; 20 L. R. A. 721; Baltimore v. Radecke, 49 Md. 217; In re Frazee, 63 Mich. 396. It must be conceded that the Massachusetts and North Carolina cases are in conflict with o.ur conclusion. My examination and consideration of these cases has satisfied me that the preponderance of the authorities of this country and the general policy of our own state laws sustain the conclusion at which I have arrived. Nor do I think that the case of Homer v. Com., 106 Pa. 221, conflicts
I would reverse the judgment in this case and direct the prisoner to be discharged.
