57 Wash. 420 | Wash. | 1910
Lead Opinion
This is a proceeding instituted by the city of Tacoma to condemn and appropriate certain lands and water rights lying along the Nisqually river, for the purpose of generating electric power for the city. The appellant, being an owner of certain lands sought by the city for this purpose, resisted the attempt and, from a judgment of appropriation in which it is awarded $50,000 as the value of its lands, it appeals.
Exceptions were taken by appellant to the order of the court holding the contemplated use by the city to be a public use and necessity; and various objections raised by appellant at the trial, all involving the same questions, are before us. We will not attempt to discuss them separately, except in so far as it is necessary.
It is first contended that the public utilities act of 1905 (Laws 1905, p. 300, ch. 159), as amended in 1909, under which the city is proceeding, is unconstitutional for the reason that it authorizes condemnation for both public and private use. The language of the act, in so far as this question is involved, is:
“That any incorporated city ... is authorized to construct, condemn and purchase, purchase, acquire, add to, maintain and operate works, plants and facilities for the purpose of furnishing such city or town and the inhabitants thereof, and other persons, with gas, electricity and other means of power and facilities for lighting, heating, fuel and
It may be accepted as well established that, inasmuch as private property may not be taken for private use, any legislative act which attempted to confer such a power would be a nullity. It may also be accepted that where, in a legislative act, there is a conferring of authority to take private property for both public and private use in such a way that the two cannot be separated, the whole act is void. But it does not follow that the use of the word “private” in the act under consideration renders this act void. In so far as such act would authorize the taking for a distinctively private purpose, it could not be upheld; but to render the whole act void it must appear that the public and private purposes are so commingled that they cannot be separated, as in the case cited by Lewis on Eminent Domain, § 206, where the act authorized the erection of a dam by a city, either for the purpose of water works for the city or for the purpose of leasing the water for private use. The purpose of the dam was manifestly two-fold, to supply the city with water for the use of its inhabitants — a public use — and to enable it to lease water for a private use. It could not be determined how much water would be desired or be necessary for one purpose, nor how much for the other, or which use was the greater. The two uses were principal uses, and were so intermingled that they could not be separated without destroying the purpose for which the dam was to be erected; and hence the whole act was void.
But in the act before us, every mentioned and described purpose is an undoubted public use. There is no commingling of public and private purposes, nor authority given under the act to use any of the facilities therein referred to for other than a distinctively municipal use. Unfortunately the word “private” is incorporated in the act, and as such a purpose is a prohibited one, to that extent the act is obnoxious to the constitutional inhibition,
It is next asserted by appellant that the city is seeking in this proceeding to condemn for both public and private use, and hence the whole proceeding should fall. This contention is based upon a paragraph of the petition in which it is alleged:
“That at all times since the year 1893 the city of Tacoma has been engaged in the business of owning, operating and maintaining works, plants and facilities for the purpose of furnishing said city and the inhabitants thereof with electricity and facilities for lighting, heating, fuel and power purposes, public and private.”
It is also suggested that the same fact is disclosed in the evidence. None of the ordinances which initiated this proceeding, or are in any wise indicative of the city’s purpose in seeking to acquire these lands, indicate or refer to any private use or to any purpose other than a strictly municipal and public one. We have no desire at this time to enter upon any discussion of what is a public use, or the effect'upon proceedings of this character where there is an attempt to commingle public and private uses. Such questions have been before this court in a number of cases, and it has been uniformly held that condemnation could not be had where the manifest purpose was partly private. Healy Lumber Co. v. Morris, 33 Wash. 490, 74 Pac. 681, 99 Am.
We will now examine the evidence and see what use the city has made of its electrical power, as bearing in some measure upon what use it will put the additional power to which it now seeks. Under contract with a power company, the city now uses 9,000 horse power, and it is purposed by
It is manifest that, in its use of power, the city must provide for the maximum power that will be required on the shortest day of the year. This required use would be its peak load, and would be the minimum horse power to be generated by its contemplated plant, or purchased under its present contracts. This peak load would gradually lessen
“There is no question but what, if a private use is combined with a public one in such a way that the two could not be separated, that the right of eminent domain may not be invoked to aid the joint enterprise. We mean by this, that the two purposes must together exist as main, or principal, ones; but where the private purpose is simply an incident, and the public use the principal, then the incident will not destroy or defeat the principal.” Lake Koen Nav. etc. Irr. Co. v. Klein, supra.
The language of the court in Slingerland v. Newark, 54 N. J. L. 62, 23 Atl. 129, seems to us pertinent in view of the situation before us:
“It would, of course, be absurd for the city to construct water works adequate only for its present wants, and the prosecutor does not assert that the works now contemplated are unreasonably large in view of the city’s prospective growth, or that more land is to be taken than is necessary for their construction and maintenance. Under these circumstances it is not apparent how the prosecutor can have any legal concern with the quantity of water drawn through the aqueduct, or with the use made of so much of it as the public does not need. But, at any rate, the mere fact that, as a natural
citing Spaulding v. Lowell, 23 Pick. 71, and State v. Eau Claire, 40 Wis. 533.
The supreme court of the United States, while strictly adhering to the rule that private property may not be taken for private use, sees nothing objectionable in permitting the state of Wisconsin, which under legislative act reserved to itself the water power created by a dam over the Fox river, to dispose of some of its surplus water for private use, as there was no need of such surplus water running to waste and the state might thus reimburse itself for the expense of the improvement. Kaukauna Water Power Co. v. Green Bay & M. Canal Co., 142 U. S. 254. In the note to Wisconsin River Imp. Co. v. Pier (137 Wis. 325, 118 N. W. 857), 21 L. R. A. (N. S.) 538, at page 543, it is said in speaking of this incidental private use:
“The principle that an incidental private use will not defeat the exercise of the power of eminent domain is also to be found stated in many cases not falling within the scope of this note for the reason that the incidental private use, so called, was merely the prospective enjoyment of the same character by a private individual, but in a greater degree than the general public and not the enjoyment of a use distinct from that which the public could share.”
In the Harris case, supra, in which this court withheld the power of eminent domain, it was shown that the power was required to furnish lights to the cities of Olympia and Turn-water, to run electric cars between those two cities, and also to sell power to manufactories. Here there was a manifest combination of public and private use, and both uses were principal uses. In the case before us now, it is apparent from the evidence, which must be the controlling feature, that
It is next contended that, appellant being a public service corporation, its property cannot be taken. It is undoubtedly well established that property devoted to a public use may not be taken for other public use without legislative grant, either in. express terms or by necessary implication. The general question here involved was submitted to this court in Samish River Boom Co. v. Union Boom Co., 32 Wash. 586, 73 Pac. 670, wherein it was held that the right to determine under what circumstances and to what extent the power of eminent domain might be exercised was vested exclusively in the legislature, enforced by the constitutional provision that “the exercise of the right of eminent domain shall never be so abridged or construed as to prevent the legislature from taking the property and franchises of incorporated companies and subjecting them to public use the same as the property of individuals.” Const, art. 12, § 10. The rule was then laid down that property held by a corporation as a proprietor, and not actually devoted to a public use, could be taken by another corporation having the power of eminent domain.
Again, in State ex rel. Skamania Boom Co. v. Superior Court, 47 Wash. 166, 91 Pac. 637, the same question was presented, and it was held that, where there is a necessity-for subjecting land devoted to a public use to some other public service, it might be condemned; and “necessity” was defined by quoting Lewis on Eminent Domain, §276: “That there was a reasonable necessity for the taking where the
It might be suggested in this connection that the appellant, though incorporated in 1905, has not been very active in carrying out its purposes. The lands it now owns it acquired by purchase. In March, 1907, it commenced a number of condemnation suits to acquire other lands required by its general scheme, but it does not appear to have pushed these suits to a determination, or to have taken any other steps toward subjecting the waters of the Nisqually river to its power purposes. These lands are not now, therefore, devoted to any public use, nor have we any assurance that they ever will be, except the intention and purpose of the company as expressed in various resolutions of its board of trustees. We do not, however, care to rest our decision of the point before us upon this ground. As applied to municipal corporations, there is a broader and more comprehensive ground, growing out of the necessities of like situation and based upon a theory of a greater public use and more general public benefit. In In re City of Brooklyn, 143 N. Y. 596, 38 N. E. 983, 26 L. R. A. 270, it appears that the legislature passed an act reciting that the public interest required the acquisition by the city of Brooklyn, for the public use, of the property and franchise of a water supply company, and authorized the city “to acquire the same for such use by condemnation.” Upon attempting to do so, it was met by the objection that the act was unconstitutional in authorizing the condemnation of property already devoted to a public use, without designating any different or larger public use to which it was to be applied. The court found no force in the objection, and said:
“While the purpose of the water works company was public in its nature, it cannot be said to be strictly identical with the municipal purpose. A municipal corporation is a public and governmental agency. It holds property for the
In Brady v. Atlantic City, 53 N. J. Eq. 440, 32 Atl. 271, the legislature enacted:
“That cities may take and convey from such source or sources as may be practicable, into and through said city, such quantity of pure and wholesome water as may be required . . . and to this end the said city is hereby authorized to . . . purchase of any water company water works within said city;”
and it was held that this conferred the right to condemn the plant and franchise of the water company for the benefit of the city; and the court adds that the right of eminent domain in such cases is not questioned. In In re Mayor etc. of New York, 135 N. Y. 253, 31 N. E. 1043, 31 Am. St. 825, an act empowering the city to acquire by eminent domain all wharf property within its limits was held sufficient to enable the city to condemn wharf property owned by a railroad and a gas company and actually occupied by them for public use. Having in mind this more extended and beneficial public use employed by municipal corporations as a governmental agency, we will refer to our statute. Its language as applied to the use here sought is:
“That any incorporated city . . . be, and is hereby, authorized ... to construct, condemn and purchase, purchase, acquire, add to, maintain and operate works, plants and facilities for the purpose of furnishing such city or town and the inhabitants thereof and any other persons, with gas, electricity and other means of power and facilities for lighting, heating, fuel and power purposes.” Laws 1909, p. 580, ch. 150, § 1 (Rem. & Bal. Code, § 8005).
We will now consider several assignments or error at the trial. The court refused evidence on behalf of appellant that it was a public service corporation, and instructed the jury that it was not such a corporation. Such evidence could only be offered for two purposes: to enhance the value of the land, or to prevent condemnation on the theory of the property being held for a public use. The value of the land was to be determined by its use, situation, and adaptability. It was immaterial whether its ownership was in a public service corporation or an individual. Such fact could not add to or lessen its value; ownership is not a factor in determining valuation. The evidence shows that the court was extremely liberal in permitting evidence of value of the land and its use in connection with power purposes, and under its ruling appellant’s witnesses testified to a valuation as high as $497,200. When we consider that this land was raw, wild land, it is apparent the witnesses in fixing such great values were taking every possible use and adaptability into consideration. Neither was it, in view of what we have said, reversible error to instruct the jury that appellant was not
Error is also assigned in an instruction in which the jury were told, in fixing the values: “You should determine from your observations of the property sought and assisted by the testimony of witnesses who have testified as to the value of the same.” This was not a correct statement of the law, and standing alone it might have been held error; but the court in other instructions gave the jury proper rules for determining the values, and said to them that their view of the premises was to enable them to better understand the testimony. Taken as a whole, the instructions upon this point fairly stated the proper rule.
Complaint is made of an instruction in which the court withdrew from the jury evidence given by appellant of the possible profits which might be derived from a power plant upon appellant’s lands. Such instruction was proper. We do not consider that, in determining the value of land for condemnation purposes, evidence of possible profits of a business that might be carried on there is admissible for any purposes. Other errors are assigned, but they are disposed of in what has been said, and this opinion is now too long to permit of any separate discussion of them.
The judgment is affirmed.
Mount, Pakkek, Ceow, and Chadwick, JJ., concur.
Dissenting Opinion
(dissenting) — It seems to me the majority have found a simple solution of a difficult problem. As I read the act of March 17, 1909, Laws of 1909, page 580, it authorizes cities and towns to condemn plants and facilities for the purpose of furnishing such cities and towns and their inhabitants, and any other persons, with electricity for lighting, heating, fuel, and power purposes, public and private. If the act means what it says, it authorizes cities and towns to exercise the right of eminent domain and condemn property and plants to enable them to generate electricity to be
The judgment should be reversed, with directions to dismiss the action.
Fullerton, Gose, and Dunbar, JJ., concur with Rudkin,. C. J.
