681 So. 2d 1050 | Ala. | 1996
Lead Opinion
Levi Welch, doing business as Party Tyme Package Store in Prattville, Alabama, sought a judgment declaring that § 6-26 of .the
Welch’s business, Party Tyme Package Store, is engaged in the retail sale of alcoholic beverages for off-premises consumption; it is located -within the city limits of Prattville. Section 6-26, which is included within a chapter of the City Code entitled “Business Licenses, Taxes and Regulations,” provides, in pertinent part:
“(a) Liquor: In addition to the license fee, each lounge retail restaurant liquor and club liquor licensee will pay monthly to the city clerk, on forms provided by the clerk, a tax of ten (10) percent on all liquor purchases from ABC outlets, retail and wholesale.”
(Emphasis added.) Welch sued the City, alleging that § 6-26 was unconstitutional in its unequal treatment of private retail liquor licensees (which are required to pay the 10% tax) and state-owned Alcoholic Beverage Control Board stores (which are exempt from the tax imposed by § 6-26). Welch asked that § 6-26 be declared unconstitutional and that the City be ordered to reimburse him for the taxes that had been previously levied against him pursuant to § 6-26.
The trial court, agreeing with Welch’s contention that there is no “rational basis for disparate treatment” of privately owned “package stores” and state-owned liquor stores, ruled that § 6-26 was unconstitutional and ordered that it be stricken from the City Code. The trial court also awarded Welch $41,370.63 in damages from the City— a figure determined by totaling the amount of the taxes that Welch had paid between December 1991 and November 1993, pursuant to § 6-26, plus interest.
The basic issue presented in this case is whether the Fourteenth Amendment mandates that state liquor stores and private liquor stores be treated the same for tax purposes by the municipalities in which they do business. Stated differently, does the state’s immunity from municipal taxation of its liquor stores violate the equal protection guarantee of the Fourteenth Amendment?
The Fourteenth Amendment provides that “[n]o state shall ... deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.” In Plyler v. Doe, 457 U.S. 202, 216, 102 S.Ct. 2382, 2394, 72 L.Ed.2d 786 (1982), the United States Supreme Court noted:
“The Equal Protection Clause directs that ‘all persons similarly circumstanced shall be treated alike.’ F.S. Royster Guano Co. v. Virginia, 253 U.S. 412, 415, 40 S.Ct. 560, 561, 64 L.Ed. 989 (1920). But so too, ‘[t]he Constitution does not require things which are different in fact or opinion to be treated in law as though they were the same.’ Tigner v. Texas, 310 U.S. 141, 147, 60 S.Ct. 879, 882, 84 L.Ed. 1124 (1940). The initial discretion to determine what is ‘different’ and what is ‘the same’ resides in the legislatures of the States. A legislature must have substantial latitude to establish classifications that roughly approximate the nature of the problem perceived, that accommodate competing concerns both public and private, and that account for limitations on the practical ability of the State to remedy every ill. In applying the Equal Protection Clause to most forms of state action, we thus seek only the assurance that the classification at issue bears some fair relationship to a legitimate public purpose.”
After carefully considering the record and the briefs, we conclude that state liquor stores and private liquor stores are not “similarly circumstanced” for purposes of the Equal Protection Clause. State liquor stores are owned, operated, and regulated by the state pursuant to its police power. See Ex parte Alabama Alcoholic Beverage Control Board, [Ms. 1940558, February 23, 1996] — So.2d —(Ala.1996); State ex rel. Wilkinson v. Murphy, 237 Ala. 332, 186 So. 487 (1939). By refusing to consent to the local taxation of its liquor stores — municipalities have no power to tax the state or its agencies without the state’s consent, see, e.g., Greil Bros. Co. v. City of Montgomery, 182 Ala. 291, 62 So. 692 (1913), and the state has not
“A municipality or agency of the State carrying out a public purpose may at times compete with private business. Those owning the private business are not deprived of their right to the equal protection of the law, guaranteed by the Constitution of the United States, because the private business is subjected to a tax from which the State agency is immune. Puget Sound Power & Light Co. v. County of King, 264 U.S. 22, 44 S.Ct. 261, 68 L.Ed. 541 [ (1924) ]. The general principles stated in the opinion in that case justify the exemption from taxation of property held by a public agency for a public purpose and not primarily for revenue, though as an incident of the execution of its public purpose the public agency derives revenue from a use of the property in competition with property put to similar use by private owners. Cf. State Board of Tax Commissioners v. Jackson, 283 U.S. 527, 537, 51 S.Ct. 540, 75 L.Ed. 1248, 73 ALR 1464, 75 ALR 1536 [ (1931) ].”
Bush Terminal Co. v. City of New York, 282 N.Y. 306, 322, 26 N.E.2d 269, 276 (1940).
In striking down § 6-26, the trial court failed to take into consideration long-standing United States Supreme Court jurisprudence establishing a deferential rationality standard for reviewing state economic (tax) legislation under the Fourteenth Amendment. Under this standard, great deference is given to a state’s classification of individuals or entities for tax purposes. See 3 Rotunda and Nowak, Treatise on Constitutional Law: Substance and Procedure § 18.3, pp. 32-41 (2d ed.1992), and the cases discussed therein, including Lehnhausen v. Lake Shore Auto Parts Co., 410 U.S. 356, 93 S.Ct. 1001, 35 L.Ed.2d 351 (1973), and Allegheny Pittsburgh Coal Co. v. County Commission of Webster County, West Virginia, 488 U.S. 336, 109 S.Ct. 633, 102 L.Ed.2d 688 (1989). In Lehnhausen, the Supreme Court stated:
“The Equal Protection Clause does not mean that a State may not draw lines that treat one class of individuals or entities differently from the others. The test is whether the difference in treatment is an invidious discrimination. Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections, 383 U.S. 663, 666, 86 S.Ct. 1079, 1081, 16 L.Ed.2d 169 [(1966)]. Where taxation is concerned and no specific federal right, apart from equal protection, is imperiled, the States have large leeway in making classifications and drawing lines which in their judgment produce reasonable systems of taxation. As stated in Allied Stores of Ohio v. Bowers, 358 U.S. 522, 526-27, 79 S.Ct. 437, 440-441, 3 L.Ed.2d 480 [ (1959) ]:
“ ‘The States have a very wide discretion in the laying of their taxes. When dealing with their proper domestic concerns, and not trenching upon the prerogatives of the National Government or violating the guaranties of the Federal Constitution, the States have the attribute of sovereign powers in devising their fiscal systems to ensure revenue and foster their local interests. Of course, the States, in the exercise of their taxing power, are subject to the requirements of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. But that clause imposes no iron rule of equality, prohibiting the flexibility and variety that are appropriate to reasonable*1053 schemes of state taxation. The State may impose different specific taxes upon different trades and professions and may vary the rate of excise upon various products. It is not required to resort to close distinctions or to maintain a precise, scientific uniformity with reference to composition, use or value.’ ”
410 U.S. at 359-60, 93 S.Ct. at 1003-04.
In Allegheny Pittsburgh Coal, Chief Justice Rehnquist, writing for a unanimous Court, stated:
“The States, of course, have broad powers to impose and collect taxes. A State may divide different kinds of property into classes and assign to each class a different tax burden so long as those divisions and burdens are reasonable. Allied Stores, supra, 358 U.S., at 526-527, 79 S.Ct., at 440-441 (‘The State may impose different specific taxes upon different trades and professions and may vary the rate of excise upon various products’). It might, for example, decide to tax property held by corporations ... at a different rate than property held by individuals. See Lehnhausen v. Lake Shore Auto Parts Co., 410 U.S. 356, 93 S.Ct. 1001, 35 L.Ed.2d 351 (1973) (Illinois ad valorem, tax on personalty of corporations). In each case, ‘[i]f the selection or classification is neither capricious nor arbitrary, and rests upon some reasonable consideration of difference or policy, there is no denial of the equal protection of the law.’ Brown-Forman Co. v. Kentucky, 217 U.S. 563, 573, 30 S.Ct. 578, 580, 54 L.Ed. 883 (1910).”
488 U.S. at 344,109 S.Ct. at 638.
As previously noted, state liquor stores and private liquor stores are different for purposes of the Fourteenth Amendment. For this reason, we defer to the state’s reasonable classification (for tax purposes) of these liquor stores and hold that § 6-26 does not violate the Equal Protection Clause. The judgment is, therefore, reversed and the case is remanded for an order or proceedings consistent with this opinion.
REVERSED AND REMANDED.
Dissenting Opinion
(concurring specially).
I concur. However, I write specially to note that the majority in Ex parte Alabama Alcoholic Beverage Control Board, 683 So.2d 952 (Ala.1996) (“the ABC Board case”), seems to have cited with approval that part of State ex rel. Wilkinson v. Murphy, 237 Ala. 332, 186 So. 487 (1939), that equates the State’s involvement in retail liquor sales with private enterprise. The Murphy Court stated:
“Defendant further argues that the words, ‘nor shall the state be interested in any private ... enterprise,’ mean merely that the State shall not be interested with individuals, associations or corporations in the operation of a private or corporate enterprise, and was not intended to prevent the State itself from engaging in a private enterprise.
“But we think this too narrow a construction of the Constitution, and clearly out of harmony with the motivating cause of the inclusion of this prohibition in our organic law. The interest referred to is a pecuniary interest in any private or corporate enterprise, and this prohibition was, we think inserted in our organic law as a limitation upon the power of the legislature to again place our State in business enterprises and in competition with private individuals or corporations; or to undertake those things which ordinarily might, in human experience, be expected to be undertaken for profit or benefit to private promoters.
*1054 “And we are of the opinion it is quite broad enough to embrace a business operated solely by the State for trade and traffic.”
237 Ala. at 335,186 So. at 490. This Court in the ABC Board ease stated:
“In determining whether the State’s operation of liquor stores in conjunction with the licensing of private retailers violates § 93, we must examine that constitutional provision. Section 93, as amended by Amend. 58, provides in pertinent part:
“ ‘The state shall not engage in works of internal improvement, nor lend money or its credit in aid as [sic] such, except as may be authorized by the Constitution of Alabama or amendments thereto; nor shall the state be interested in any private or corporate enterprise, or lend money 'or its credit to any individual, association, or corporation, except as may be expressly authorized by the Constitution of Alabama, or amendments thereto.’
“The clause at issue here — ‘nor shall the state be interested in any private or corporate enterprise’ — ‘has been construed to mean ... that the State may not engage, alone or in concert with others, in business of a type generally characterized as private enterprise.’ Edmonson v. State Industrial Development Auth., 279 Ala. 206, 210, 184 So.2d 115, 118 (1966) (citing Murphy, supra).
“In State ex rel. Wilkinson v. Murphy, supra, this Court held that the phrase at issue here is ‘broad enough to embrace a business operated solely by the State for trade and traffic.’ 237 Ala. at 335, 186 So. at 490. The Court nevertheless concluded that the ‘police power over liquor traffic is wholly uninfluenced and unaffected by any constitutional provision.’ 237 Ala. at 341, 186 So. at 496. The Court explained that ‘police power is inherent in the government, and while it may be set aside by the Constitution, yet in order to find that it has been so set aside the Constitution must plainly so indicate.’ Id.”
683 So.2d at 955.
I understood that both Murphy and the ABC Board case stood for the proposition that in selling liquor at retail the State was engaged in a private enterprise in competition with businesses, such as Welch’s Party Tyme Package Store, but that it was allowed to do so pursuant to its expansive police powers. As I noted in my opinion concurring in the result in the ABC Board case, I agree that the State’s involvement in the sale of liquor is a business enterprise; however, I do not believe that the State is involved in “private enterprise,” within the meaning of § 93 of the Alabama Constitution. My view of § 93 differs from that of the Murphy Court and from that of a majority of this Court as it is presently constituted, and I do not believe that it was necessary to the holdings in Murphy and the ABC Board case that the State’s involvement in liquor sales be equated with private enterprise. Based on the wording of the majority opinion in the present case (“we conclude that state liquor stores and private liquor stores are not ‘similarly circumstanced’ for purposes of the Equal Protection Clause,” 681 So.2d at 1051), I can only assume that Murphy and the ABC Board case have now been implicitly overruled to the extent that they equate the State’s liquor sales with private enterprise. Otherwise, I am at a loss to explain why those two cases and this one are not inconsistent in this respect.
