OPINION BY
Joseph C. Rocha appeals a judgment entered against him in the amount of $707,832.05 by the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County (trial court). The trial court held Rocha liable for the payment of 2003 wage taxes that his employer, GoInternet.Net, Inc., had withheld but never remitted to the City of Philadelphia. We conclude that the City ordinance that makes an employee vicariously liable for his employer’s tax obligation requires the City to prove that the employee in question had the power to effect the timely payment of those taxes and was at fault for their non-payment. Finding the record to lack such evidence, we hold that Rocha cannot be held personally hable for his employer’s non-payment of City taxes.
On January 28, 2004, GoInternet.Net, Inc. (Golnternet) filed an “Annual Reconciliation of Employer Wage Tax” for tax year 2003, stating that it owed the City $610,200 in taxes. The tax was not remitted by February 29, 2004, the due date for remittance. The City sought to collect the tax by filing a complaint that named Goln-ternet, Neal D. Saferstein, and Rocha as defendants.
The essential facts are not in dispute. Rocha explained at the hearing that Goln-ternet designed and maintained websites for small businesses throughout the United States. It billed its customers monthly through local telephone carriers. In October 2002 Rocha was hired from a company in San Antonio, Texas to be Golnternet’s controller. As controller, Rocha had responsibility for billing and collections, building on his experience with the collections clearinghouse company he had worked for in Texas. In February 2003, shortly after he moved his family from Texas to Pennsylvania, Rocha was promoted to Chief Financial Officer (CFO).
Consistent with this division of responsibility, Micciche negotiated a settlement with the City in April 2003 that resolved Golnternet’s delinquent wage tax liability of $1,273,299.56 for tax years 2000, 2001 and 2002. The settlement agreement required Golnternet to make monthly payments of $91,757 in the form of a cashier’s check that was hand-delivered to the City by Micciche. Supplemental Reproduced Record at 29b. (S.R.R.-). Each month, Micciche gave Rocha a receipt for the monthly payment of $91,757.
During 2003, Golnternet’s business was adversely affected by litigation initiated against it by the Federal Trade Commission.
In response to Golnternet’s auditors, Rocha prepared two checks in the amounts of $176,949.61 and $134,389.60, using Saf-erstein’s signature facsimile to prepare the checks. The checks represented the City payroll taxes withheld for the two quarters of 2003. However, Micciche did not present them to the City, telling Rocha that
we don’t need to do that. We can do an annual reconciliation. That’s the way it’s been done in the past. That’s all you need to do, an annual reconciliation, and it’s due February 29th of 2004.
R.R. 116a. Golnternet’s records confirmed that in 2002, City wage taxes were reported and paid annually, not quarterly.
On January 28, 2004, Rocha prepared Golnternet’s 2003 “Annual Reconciliation of Employer Wage Tax;” it showed that Golnternet owed $610,200. Rocha gave this tax return and a check for $200,000 to Micciche for filing with the City. It was understood that Micciche would work out a payment plan to have the balance paid by the deadline of February 29, 2004.
payment by 2/27/04 hand delivered by [certified check] 200k in hand and hopefully less the 200k you will have me get tomorrow which will leave a final payment of 241k to be paid by bank [check] on the last friday of February[.] I will keep that day open to get the bank [check] and make sure it gets to [Z]ay-on.
R.R. 27a. The terms of this settlement were confirmed in correspondence dated February 18, 2004, from Zayon to Mic-ciche.
By mid-February, Mercantile Capital had assumed control of Golnternet’s accounts at Wilmington Trust and refused to allow any account transfers that Mercantile Capital had not previously approved. On February 17, 2004, Rocha sent an email to Mercantile Capital, as well as to Saferstein, explaining that the City wage taxes had been settled for $641,000 and that the first installment of $200,000 had been remitted.
The trial court found that Rocha, as CFO, had significant control over Golnter-net’s finances and, thus, was a responsible person who could be held liable for the non-payment of Golnternet’s wage taxes. The trial court also found that Rocha had willfully failed to remit wage taxes to the City. Thus, judgment in the amount of $707,832.05 was entered against Rocha. This appeal followed.
On appeal,
Relying on other federal case law, the City counters that responsibility is a matter of status, not knowledge, and Rocha, as Golnternet’s CFO, had overall responsibility for Golnternet’s finances. Therefore, he was responsible for the 2003 City wage taxes. It argues that willfulness is not a required element of their case against Rocha, but contends that, in any case, its evidence showed that Rocha acted willfully.
We begin with a review of the City ordinance that authorizes the imposition of a corporate employer’s duty to remit wage taxes upon another, namely, a shareholder, director, trustee, officer or employee. Section 19-1507 of the Philadelphia Code states as follows:
(1) Any person required to collect, truthfully account for, and pay over any tax imposed by this Chapter on salaries, wages, commissions and other compensation who fails to collect such tax, or truthfully account for and pay over such tax, or willfully attempts in any manner to evade or defeat any such tax or the payment thereof, shall be liable for the full amount of such tax.
(2) For purposes of subsection 19-1508(l)[sic] an individual or entity that exercises significant control over the financial affairs of an employer, including without limitation the disbursements of funds or determining the priority of payments to creditors, is deemed to be a person required to collect, truthfully account for, and pay over any tax imposed by this Chapter on salaries, wages, commissions and other compensation.
(3) For purposes of this section, “person” includes a shareholder, director, trustee, officer or employee of a corporation, or a partner or employee of a partnership, or the sole proprietor of a sole proprietorship, or a third party who makes either direct payment of wages to the employees of another or advances funds to pay the wages of the employees of another.
(4) More than one person may be liable under subsection 19-1507(1) with respect to the same employer, with each such person being jointly and severally hable for the full amount of the tax.
(5) This section is modeled upon Section 6672 of the Internal Revenue Code (26 U.S.C. § 6672), and it is City Council’s intent that this section be construed in the same manner that Section 6672 has been construed.
Section 19-1507, The Philadelphia Code (1995) (emphasis added). There can be no doubt that Rocha is a “person” within the meaning of Section 19-1507(3) because he was an officer of Golnternet. Similarly, as a CFO, Rocha exercised “significant control over the financial affairs” of Golnter-net. At first blush, this would seem to make Rocha a “person required to collect” the City wage tax. Section 19-1507(2) and (3). However, Rocha contends that given the limited scope of his actual responsibility, he could not, even if he wanted to, pay the 2003 City wage taxes.
The City correctly notes that a statute’s words must be followed and not disregarded under the pretext of pursuing its spirit. 1 Pa.C.S. § 1921(b) (stating “[w]hen the words of a statute are clear and free from all ambiguity, the letter of it is not to be disregarded under the pretext of pursuing its spirit.”) The application of this principle here is complicated by the instruction
We turn, then, to the model for Section 19-1507, which is Section 6672 of the Internal Revenue Code, 26 U.S.C. § 6672. It states, in relevant part, as follows:
Any person required to collect, truthfully account for, and pay over any tax imposed by this title who willfully fails to collect such tax, or truthfully account for and pay over such tax, or willfully attempts in any manner to evade or defeat any such tax or the payment thereof, shall, in addition to other penalties provided by law, be liable to a penalty equal to the total amount of the tax evaded, or not collected, or not accounted for and paid over.
26 U.S.C. § 6672(a). Although the words of Section 19-1507 and Section 6672 are not identical, the Philadelphia City Council has made those differences disappear by directing that Section 19-1507 be construed “in the same manner” as Section 6672. Section 19-1507(5), The Philadelphia Code.
The Federal courts have construed Section 6672 to identify a “responsible person”
A responsible person acts willfully when he pays other creditors in preference to the IRS knowing that taxes are
We turn, first, to the City’s contention that it was not required to prove willfulness on the part of Rocha in order to prevail. The City parses Section 19-1507(1) as fisting three types of conduct that trigger liability: failure to collect the tax; failure to truthfully account for and pay the tax; or willful attempt to evade the tax.
First, it is hard to posit an untruthful act that is not willful. Second, the City’s reading of Section 19-1507(1) ignores the directive in Section 19-1507(5) that Section 19-1507 be construed “in the same manner that Section 6672 has been construed.” Section 19-1507(5), The Philadelphia Code. The City does not, and cannot, direct the Court to a single case that has construed Section 6672 not to require willfulness on the part of the responsible person held liable for his employer’s failure to pay a tax.
We turn, next, to Rocha’s argument that he was not a responsible person within the meaning of Section 19-1507. Rocha acknowledged that he knew that Golnternet had to collect payroll taxes on behalf of the City. In 2003, Rocha was responsible for the withholding of all payroll taxes as part of his payroll production responsibility. He also acknowledged that he had access
Section 19-1507(4) states that “more than one person may be liable with each such person being jointly and severally liable for the full amount of the tax.” Section 19-1507(4), The Philadelphia Code (emphasis added). Therefore, the City is correct that even if Mercantile Capital or Micciche were also found to be a responsible person, this finding does not in itself relieve Rocha of liability. However, we do not understand Rocha’s argument to be that Micciche and Mercantile Capital have more culpability than Rocha and, therefore, Rocha should be excused.
The question, then, is whether the evidence, read most favorably to the City, supports the conclusion that Rocha was a responsible person. As CFO, Rocha was specifically responsible for Golnter-net’s payroll production in 2003, and was aware that Golnternet withheld state, federal and city payroll taxes owed by its employees. Trial Court Opinion at 2, n. 1. Rocha also had authority to issue checks on behalf of Golnternet. Rocha prepared and signed Golnternet’s 2003 Annual Reconciliation of Employer Wage Tax that was filed by Micciche. Rocha knew that the tax was not paid by the due date of February 27, 2004. Rocha, as CFO, had major responsibility at Golnternet. However, each responsible person case is decided on the totality of circumstances, with no one factor dispositive. Fiataruolo, 8 F.3d at 939. Considering all the circumstances here, Rocha was not a responsible person.
In Dudley v. United States, 428 F.2d 1196, 1201-1202 (9th Cir.1970), a corporate officer ceased to be a responsible person once he was stripped of responsibility for taxes. This describes Rocha’s situation. Saferstein stripped Rocha of responsibility for City taxes from the day he assumed the title of CFO. Although Rocha had the status of one who can be held a responsible person, he never had “effective power” to pay the taxes over to the City. Vinick, 205 F.3d at 8. The appropriate focus is whether an individual with major responsibility in a corporation had
the final word as to that bills or creditors should or should not be paid and when ... Final word means significant*596 rather than exclusive control over disbursement of funds.
Matter of Brahm, 52 B.R. 606, 608-609 (Bankr.M.D.Fla.1985) (emphasis added).
Further, Golnternet’s City wage tax for 2003 was not due until February 29, 2004, as was stated on the City’s preprinted tax return form.
In Brown, we held that the president, CEO and principal shareholder could not be held liable for taxes as a trustee ex maleficio after the bank had taken control of the business.
This Court held that Brown was liable for taxes collected from March 1, 1989, to early June 1989, but not thereafter when the bank took control. The fact that Brown remained employed after the bank took over was held to be of no moment because Brown lacked the actual ability, or “effective power,” to achieve a different outcome on the payment of the taxes.
We hold that the evidence does not support the conclusion that Rocha was a responsible person required to “truthfully account for, and pay over” City wage taxes. Section 19-1507(1), The Philadelphia Code. He was stripped of any authority to decide when, where or how City wage taxes were to be paid over at the moment he accepted the position of CFO in February 2003. By the settlement deadline of February 27, 2004, Mercantile Capital had assumed control of Golnternet and its accounts at Wilmington Trust. The fact that Rocha could physically write checks is irrelevant because only checks authorized by Mercantile Capital would be processed. Under Federal precedent, the crucial inquiry is whether the employee had the “effective power” to pay the taxes, Vinick, 205 F.3d at 8, and in light of this Court’s holding in Brown, we adopt the Vinick test as the one appropriate here. Responsibility means that one has the ability to make sure that a stop payment order will not be issued on any check drawn on an employer’s account; Rocha lacked this power. Because the evidence does not support the finding that Rocha had effective power to pay the 2003 City wage taxes, he was not a responsible person who could be held ha-ble under Section 19-1507(1).
Next, we consider Rocha’s challenge to the trial court’s finding of willfulness on the part of Rocha. The trial court did not explain the reasons for this conclusion, but the City offers an explanation in its brief. Essentially, it finds willfulness in the facts that Rocha knew that Golnternet taxes were due but not paid on February 29, 2004, and yet he wrote approximately 50 checks, or allowed them to be written, to other vendors in March of 2004. This evidence is not sufficient to prove willfulness.
First, writing checks to non-governmental creditors is not enough. In re Abel, 200 B.R. 816, 824 (E.D.Pa.1996) (officer with check signing authority was only negligent, not willful, and thus not liable). It must be shown that when those checks were written the employee knew there were inadequate funds to also pay the government. Emshwiller v. United States, 565 F.2d 1042 (8th Cir.1977) (decision to pay wages knowing there were no funds to pay taxes was willful); Newsome v. United States, 431 F.2d 742 (5th Cir.1970) (noting that willfulness is shown where officer consciously risks non-payment of taxes by paying other creditors). There is no evidence that in March 2004 Golnternet was not financially able to pay the 2003 City wage taxes. There is evidence that Mercantile Capital was looking for a better settlement for Golnternet but no evidence that Golnternet was not able to pay the City $641,000 by February 29, 2004.
In sum, Rocha was not shown to be at fault for Golnternet’s failure to pay the City 2003 wage taxes. To so hold would make Rocha a guarantor and strictly liable for Golnternet’s tax obligations, but a finding of willfulness requires fault. Slodov, 436 U.S. at 254, 98 S.Ct. 1778. The trial court erred in so holding.
For all these reasons, we reverse the trial court and vacate its judgment.
ORDER
AND NOW, this 10th day of September, 2007, the order of the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County dated April 15, 2006, in the above captioned matter is hereby reversed.
. The City entered a default judgment against Saferstein, president and CEO, on March 1, 2005. The status of the City’s action against Golnternet is unknown.
. Rocha later learned that his swift promotion was prompted by the indictment of Golnter-net’s former CFO, Ernest Micciche, for bank fraud in Tennessee. Reproduced Record at 103a. (R.R.-).
. In November 2004, after protracted litigation, the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania entered judgment in favor of the Federal Trade Commission against Golnternet for approximately $55,000,000. Golnternet ceased doing business effective December 31, 2004. It is not known whether the company’s debts were discharged in bankruptcy or whether the City has continued to pursue Golnternet.
. The City’s “Annual Reconciliation of Employer Wage Tax” form states that the amount owed by the taxpayer, Golnternet, had to be paid by February 29, 2004, in order to avoid penalties and interest. It does not advise that failure to pay by that date would result in the imposition of liability for taxes, penalties and interest upon employees of the taxpayer.
. In fact, the check for $200,000 was either not presented to the City, or the check was not processed by Golnternet’s bank, Wilmington Trust.
. Our review is limited to determining whether the trial court abused its discretion, erred as a matter of law or rendered a decision unsupported by the evidence. Aldhelm, Inc. v. Schuylkill County Tax Claim Bureau, 879 A.2d 400, 403 n. 5 (Pa.Cmwlth.2005).
. The term "responsible person” does not appear in Section 6672, but courts long have referred to the persons subject to liability under Section 6672 as “responsible persons.” See, e.g., Slodov v. United States, 436 U.S. 238, 245 n. 7, 98 S.Ct. 1778, 56 L.Ed.2d 251 (1978).
In determining whether a person is responsible, the federal courts generally look to seven factors. See, e.g., Vinick v. United States, 205 F.3d 1, 8 (1st Cir.2000). A defendant is a responsible person if he is (1) an officer or member of the board of directors, (2) owns shares or possesses an entrepreneurial stake in the company, (3) is active in the management of day-to-day affairs of the company, (4) has the ability to hire and fire employees, (5) makes decisions regarding which, when and in what order outstanding debts or taxes will be paid, (6) exercises control over daily bank accounts and disbursement records, and (7) has check-signing authority.
. An individual's responsibility during one tax period does not equate to responsibility in all tax periods. Vinick, 205 F.3d at 11. Because one’s function and status can change between quarters, it would be erroneous to conclude that a person is responsible in one quarter based solely on evidence from another quarter. Id.
.This definition of willfulness has been adopted by every jurisdiction which has reached the issue. Denbo, 988 F.2d at 1033, n. 3. Although negligence does not give rise to section 6672 liability, the willfulness requirement can be met if the responsible person “(1) clearly ought to have known that (2) there was a grave risk that withholding taxes were not being paid and if (3) he was in a position to find out for certain very easily.” United States v. Vespe, 868 F.2d 1328, 1335 (3d Cir.1989) (quoting Sawyer v. United States, 831 F.2d 755, 758 (7th Cir.(1987)). This reckless disregard includes the failure to investigate or correct mismanagement after being notified that withholding taxes have not been paid. Greenberg, 46 F.3d at 244.
. Actually, the City’s Brief is unclear as to which statute it parses. The phrase "or truthfully account for and pay over such tax” appears in both 26 U.S.C. § 6672 as well as Section 19-1507(1).
. It has been suggested that imposing liability without fault violates "elemental fairness, if not constitutionality.” Phillips v. United States, 73 F.3d 939, 946 (9th Cir.1996) (Reinhardt, J., dissenting).
. Section 19-1507(1) imposes liability on “any person required to collect, truthfully account for, and pay over any tax imposed by this Chapter.” Section 19-1507(1), The Philadelphia Code.
. It is true that courts are reluctant to hold an individual responsible when there are more culpable individuals not before the court See, e.g., Unger v. United States, No. 90 Civ. 0384(WK), 1999 WL 511768 (S.D.N.Y.1999). Nevertheless, courts will assign liability on the less culpable defendant, who is before the court, if the person had the requisite control of the company’s finances. Howard v. United States, 711 F.2d 729, 737 (5th Cir.1983).
. Notably, a responsible person may not avoid liability by delegating his responsibility to pay taxes to another person. Guito v. United States, 764 F.Supp. 1445, 1451 (M.D.Fla.1991). However, Rocha did not delegate the responsibility to pay City taxes to Micciche. Rocha never had that responsibility and, therefore, had nothing to delegate.
. Although Golnternet could have remitted City wage taxes on a quarterly basis throughout 2003, it did not. One wonders why the City did not make such payment a condition of its 2003 settlement with Golnternet. The consequence of not paying quarterly is, apparently, the imposition of interest and penalties. It is the prerogative, apparently, of the taxpayer to pay in one lump sum, with interest. In any case, the City does not take the position that Golnternet's 2003 City wage taxes were owed before February 27, 2004.
. Under Pennsylvania common law, an individual can be personally responsible for corporate taxes under the doctrine of trustee ex maleficio. City of Philadelphia v. Penn Plastering Corporation, 434 Pa. 122, 125, 253 A.2d 247, 249 (1969). Responsible officers of a corporation who fail to remit the withheld taxes are all trustees ex maleficio, and they can be responsible. City of Philadelphia v. Petherbridge, 781 A.2d 263, 267 (Pa.Cmwlth.2001).
. This Court considered the factors used to determine officer liability on a theory of trustee ex maleficio. They include physical presence on the premises, ability to hire or fire employees, reviewing and signing tax returns,
. It is beyond dispute that Rocha prepared the Annual Reconciliation of Employer Wage Tax for 2003; prepared a first installment check for Micciche to remit; and notified Mercantile Capital of the need to pay $641,000 by February 29, 2004. Rocha argues that this shows that he intended and tried to pay the City wage taxes. In any case, these facts are not consistent with the concept of “fault,” as required in any Section 6672 case. Slodov, 436 U.S. at 254, 98 S.Ct. 1778.