AC 18333 | Conn. App. Ct. | Mar 30, 1999
Opinion
The plaintiff appeals from the judgment of the trial court denying its motion for summary judgment on the defendants’ counterclaim.
The following facts and procedural history are relevant to the resolution of this appeal. The plaintiff, the city of Milford, filed an action in state court against the defendants
Prior to and throughout the pendency of this state court litigation, the defendants commenced and maintained an action against the plaintiff in federal court alleging certain contract and tort claims. On February 17, 1995, the parties entered into a stipulation of dismissal with prejudice of the federal action in which the plaintiff agreed to pay the defendants $7700. In exchange, the defendants were to execute a full and final release of all claims arising out of the federal action against the plaintiff.
Thereafter, the plaintiff proceeded with its foreclosure action against the defendants’ property that, at the time of the federal stipulation of dismissal, was still pending in state court. The defendants then moved to restore their federal court case to the federal docket.
On December 17,1996, the defendants filed a request for leave to amend their single count counterclaim against the plaintiff to include a second and third count. The second of those counts alleged negligent misrepresentation against the plaintiff based on assertions allegedly made by the plaintiff in an effort to secure the defendants’ stipulation to dismiss the federal court action. Specifically, the defendants alleged that the stipulation of dismissal was based on a misrepresentation by the plaintiff concerning the amount of the delinquency that the defendants owed on their municipal liens. The defendants claim that had they known of the misrepresentation, they would not have settled the federal action for $7700.
The trial court agreed with the defendants and denied the plaintiffs motion for summary judgment.
“ ‘Res judicata or claim preclusion prevents a litigant from reasserting a claim that has already been decided on the merits. Collateral estoppel, or issue preclusion, prevents a party from relitigating an issue that has been determined in a prior suit.’ ” Virgo v. Lyons, 209 Conn. 497" court="Conn." date_filed="1988-12-27" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/virgo-v-lyons-7840626?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="7840626">209 Conn. 497, 501, 551 A.2d 1243 (1988); Gionfriddo v. Gartenhaus Cafe, 15 Conn. App. 392" court="Conn. App. Ct." date_filed="1988-08-09" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/gionfriddo-v-gartenhaus-cafe-7852936?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="7852936">15 Conn. App. 392, 401-402, 546 A.2d 284" court="Conn. App. Ct." date_filed="1988-08-09" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/gionfriddo-v-gartenhaus-cafe-7852936?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="7852936">546 A.2d 284 (1988), aff'd, 211 Conn. 67" court="Conn." date_filed="1989-05-02" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/gionfriddo-v-gartenhaus-cafe-7840859?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="7840859">211 Conn. 67, 557 A.2d 540 (1989). “ ‘Res judicata, or claim preclusion, is distinguishable from collateral estoppel, or issue preclusion. Under the doctrine of res judicata, a final judgment, when rendered on the merits, is an absolute bar to a subsequent action, between the same parties or those in privity with them, upon the same claim. Slattery v. Maykut, 176 Conn. 147" court="Conn." date_filed="1978-09-19" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/slattery-v-maykut-1526155?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="1526155">176 Conn. 147, 156-57, 405 A.2d 76" court="Conn." date_filed="1978-09-19" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/slattery-v-maykut-1526155?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="1526155">405 A.2d 76 (1978). In contrast, collateral estoppel precludes a party from relitigating issues and facts actually and necessarily determined in an earlier proceeding between the same parties or those in privity with them upon a different claim. DeLaurentis v. New Haven, 220 Conn. 225" court="Conn." date_filed="1991-08-20" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/delaurentis-v-city-of-new-haven-7841946?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="7841946">220 Conn. 225, 239, 597 A.2d 807 (1991).’ Weiss v. Statewide Grievance Committee, 227 Conn. 802" court="Conn." date_filed="1993-11-16" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/weiss-v-statewide-grievance-committee-7843012?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="7843012">227 Conn. 802, 818, 633 A.2d 282 (1993).” Mazziotti v. Allstate Ins. Co., 240 Conn. 799" court="Conn." date_filed="1997-05-13" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/mazziotti-v-allstate-insurance-7844779?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="7844779">240 Conn. 799, 812, 695 A.2d 1010 (1997).
On appeal, the plaintiffs initially argue that the trial court improperly determined that the defendants’ counterclaim was not barred by the doctrine of collateral estoppel. We disagree.
“Collateral estoppel, or issue preclusion, prohibits the relitigation of an issue when that issue was actually litigated and necessarily determined in a prior action.
Here, the issue raised in the defendants’ counterclaim is whether the plaintiff misrepresented to the defendants the amount of interest the defendants owed because of delinquency in payment of their real estate taxes and the special assessment imposed by the plaintiff. An examination of the District Court’s decision, as well as the Second Circuit’s summary order affirming that decision, discloses that the issue of whether the plaintiff ever misrepresented to the defendants the amount of the interest the defendants owed was not discussed.
The District Court, in ruling on the defendants’ motion under rule 60 (b), considered whether the defendants entered into the stipulated judgment while operating under “a mistaken belief as to the consequences that the dismissal of [the federal] case would have on the state foreclosure action.” This question concerns the defendants’ belief as to the legal consequences of the stipulated judgment, not whether the defendants executed that stipulation on the basis of misrepresentations made by the plaintiff concerning the terms of that settlement and suffered a pecuniary loss as aresult. See D’Ulisse-Cupo v. Board of Directors of Notre Dame High School, 202 Conn. 206" court="Conn." date_filed="1987-02-03" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/dulisse-cupo-v-board-of-directors-of-notre-dame-high-school-7839902?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="7839902">202 Conn. 206, 218, 520
As the defendants correctly argue, therefore, the legal theory that provides the basis for their counterclaim is separate and distinct from the theory on which they proceeded in their motion under rule 60 (b). As a result, the question of whether the defendants could recover under a theory of negligent misrepresentation was not fully and fairly litigated. In short, because the issue of negligent misrepresentation was not before the federal courts, it was not decided. Future litigation of that issue, therefore, is not barred by the doctrine of collateral estoppel.
The plaintiffs alternatively argue that the trial court improperly determined that the defendants’ counterclaim was not barred by the doctrine of res judicata.
“[T]he doctrine of res judicata, or claim preclusion, [provides that] a former judgment on a claim, if rendered on the merits, is an absolute bar to a subsequent action on the same claim. A judgment is final not only as to every matter which was offered to sustain the claim, but also as to any other admissible matter which might have been offered for that purpose. . . . The rule of claim preclusion prevents reassertion of the same claim regardless of what additional or different evidence or legal theories might be advanced in support
“[W]e recognize that a decision whether to apply the doctrine of res judicata to claims that have not actually been litigated should be made based upon a consideration of the doctrine’s underlying policies, namely, the interests of the defendant and of the courts in bringing litigation to a close . . . and the competing interest of [a party] in the vindication of a just claim.” (Citation omitted.) Id., 591. “The doctrines of preclusion, however, should be flexible and must give way when their mechanical application would frustrate other social policies based on values equally or more important than the convenience afforded by finality in legal controversies. . . . We review the doctrine of res judicata to emphasize that its purposes must inform the decision to foreclose future litigation. . . . [T]he scope of matters precluded necessarily depends on what has occurred in the former adjudication.” (Citation omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Ellis, 197 Conn. 436" court="Conn." date_filed="1985-09-10" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/state-v-ellis-7839388?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="7839388">197 Conn. 436, 466-67, 497 A.2d 974" court="Conn." date_filed="1985-09-10" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/state-v-ellis-7839388?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="7839388">497 A.2d 974 (1985), on appeal after remand sub nom. State v. Paradise, 213 Conn. 388" court="Conn." date_filed="1990-01-02" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/state-v-paradise-7841130?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="7841130">213 Conn. 388, 567 A.2d 1221 (1990).
As we have discussed, the defendants’ claim of negligent misrepresentation was not ruled on by the federal court in denying the defendants’ rule 60 (b) motion and, therefore, was not actually litigated. The only way that this claim could be precluded under the doctrine of res judicata, therefore, is if the defendants could, have litigated their claim in federal court, but failed to do so. Under the doctrine of res judicata “a former judgment on a claim, if rendered on the merits, is an absolute bar to a subsequent action on the same claim ... [or any claim based on the same operative facts that] might have been made. . . . [T]he appropriate inquiry with respect to [claim] preclusion is whether the party had
In this regard, the trial court acknowledged in its articulation that were the defendants “attempting in the present action to have the stipulation of dismissal vacated, the fact that the [defendants] could have asserted misrepresentation in the rule 60 (b) proceeding might have preclusive effect.” (Emphasis added.) Under rule 60 (b), a party may be relieved of a judgment because of the “fraud . . . misrepresentation, or other misconduct of an adverse party . . . .” The trial court pointed out, however, that the defendants do not seek in their counterclaim to have the stipulation of dismissal set aside. Instead, they seek “affirmative relief for damages they allegedly sustained as a result of the [plaintiffs] tortious conduct.”
The trial court recognized that the defendants “could not have brought, nor fully and fairly litigated, a cause of action in tort for negligent misrepresentation in the federal proceeding on the motion for relief from judgment.” (Emphasis in original.) We agree and note that we have been presented with no authority that establishes that a party may seek monetary damages for negligent misrepresentation under rule 60 (b). In fact, relief under rule 60 (b) is equitable in nature. See C.K.S. Engineers, Inc. v. White Mountain Gypsum Co., 726 F.2d 1202" court="7th Cir." date_filed="1984-01-30" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/cks-engineers-inc-v-white-mountain-gypsum-company-ms-riddle-and-eryl-a-cummings-430918?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="430918">726 F.2d 1202, 1208 (7th Cir. 1984) (relief under rule 60 (b) essentially equitable in nature and to be administered on equitable principles). Since the defendants did not have “an adequate opportunity to litigate the matter in the earlier [rule 60 (b)] proceeding,” their claim of
In addition, “because there are significant differences between a tort action [for negligent misrepresentation and a claim of misrepresentation under rule 60 (b)], the maintenance of a separate tort action will not subject the courts and the [plaintiff] to the type of piecemeal litigation that the doctrine was intended to prevent.” Delahunty v. Massachusetts Mutual Life Ins. Co., supra, 236 Conn. 592. The purpose of a tort action “is to redress a legal wrong by an award of damages . . . .” Id. Rule 60 (b), on the other hand, merely “govern[s] post-judgment motions attacking the merits of a district court’s decision . . . [and] enables a court to grant relief from a judgment under the particular circumstances listed in the text of the rule.” Russell v. Delco Remy Division of General Motors Corp., 51 F.3d 746" court="7th Cir." date_filed="1995-04-06" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/milton-b-russell-v-delco-remy-division-of-general-motors-corporation-saegertown-manufacturing-company-and-jordan-chalmer-693009?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="693009">51 F.3d 746, 749 (7th Cir. 1995). Therefore, despite the fact that the defendants’ motion under rule 60 (b), like their tort claim, could have been based on comparable allegations of the plaintiffs purported misrepresentations, the two actions “lack the duplication that the doctrine of res judicata was aimed at preventing. ” Delahunty v. Massachusetts Mutual Life Ins. Co., supra, 593.
We conclude, therefore, that the trial court properly found that the defendants’ counterclaim alleging negligent misrepresentation was not barred by the doctrine of res judicata.
The judgment is affirmed.
In this opinion the other judges concurred.
Initially, we note that the plaintiff is appealing from the trial court’s denial of its motion for summary judgment. On May 6, 1998, the defendants filed a motion to dismiss the plaintiff’s appeal for lack of a final judgment. On July 1, 1998, this court denied that motion. The denial of a motion for summary judgment is not ordinarily appealable because it is not a final judgment. See Connecticut National Bank v. Rytman, 241 Conn. 24" court="Conn." date_filed="1997-05-20" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/connecticut-national-bank-v-rytman-7844873?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="7844873">241 Conn. 24, 34, 694 A.2d 1246 (1997). We note, however, that the plaintiffs motion for summary judgment is founded on claims of res judicata and collateral estoppel. In Convalescent. Center of Bloomfield, Inc. v. Dept. of Income Maintenance, 208 Conn. 187" court="Conn." date_filed="1988-07-05" href="https://app.midpage.ai/document/convalescent-center-of-bloomfield-inc-v-department-of-income-maintenance-7840479?utm_source=webapp" opinion_id="7840479">208 Conn. 187, 544 A.2d 604 (1988), our Supreme Court found that a judgment denying a claim of collateral estoppel was a final judgment “ripe for immediate appellate review” because, like the “denial of a criminal defendant’s colorable double jeopardy claim,” the defense of collateral estoppel “[invokes] the right not to have to go to trial on the merits.” Id., 194-95. Appellate review in this case is therefore appropriate.
Several other defendants are named in the plaintiff’s complaint and include the South Central Connecticut Regional Water Authority, the United States Small Business Administration, Shawmut Bank Connecticut, National Association and the New England Water Heater Company. These additional defendants were made parties to the action by virtue of their interest in the subject property. None of these parties, however, has appealed. In this
The federal court treated the defendants’ motion as a motion to vacate the stipulation of dismissal pursuant to rule 60 (b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, which provides in relevant part that “[o]n motion and upon such terms as are just, the court may relieve a party or a party’s legal representative from a final judgment, order, or proceeding for the following reasons: (1) mistake, inadvertence, surprise, or excusable neglect . . . .” (Emphasis added.)
The federal court noted that “[a] mistake that justifies relief under rule 60 (b) (1) must be mutual . . . and must result from an erroneous impression of fad or an unexpected and unavoidable occurrence which makes the mistake a matter not of carelessness but of unavoidability. . . . Misapprehension as to the legal impact of a judgment does not state grounds for relief under rule 60 (b). . . .A mistake as to the legal impact of dismissal is not excusable neglect that provides a basis for rule 60 (b) relief.” (Citations omitted.) Recommended Ruling on Pending Motions, Docket No. 93CV00098 (March 22, 1996), approved and adopted by United States District Court,, District of Connecticut (September 26,1996), aff d, Summary Order, Docket No. 96-9467, United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, (July 9, 1997).
The defendants assert, in their counterclaim that the plaintiff had represented to them that the amount of interest the defendants owed the plaintiff because of the defendants’ “delinquency in payment of their real estate taxes, as well as the special assessment imposed upon them by the plaintiff, did not, exceed” $7700. The defendants assert that the plaintiff should have known that this information was inaccurate. The defendants further assert that, it was in reliance on this information that they “agreed to settle their claim for damages against the plaintiff for the amount of $7,700.” According to the defendants’ affidavit, which they submitted along with their opposition to the plaintiffs motion for summary judgment, they were damaged by this
The plaintiffs motion for summary judgment, which also challenged the first count of the defendants’ counterclaim, was granted as to that first count. The defendants, however, did not appeal the partial granting of the plaintiffs motion for summary judgment. The only issue before this court is the plaintiffs appeal of the trial court’s denial of its motion for summary judgment on the second count of the defendants’ counterclaim.
The trial court, in denying the plaintiffs motion for summary judgment, appears to have relied on the decisions of both the District Court and the
Upjohn Co. can be reconciled with the rule announced in Connecticut National Bank, however, in that “Upjohn Co. involved a District Court judgment that was affirmed, per curiam, by the Circuit Court in an opinion that relied ‘substantially [on] the reasons stated’ by the District Court.” Id., 39-40 n.18. Our Supreme Court explained that “]u]nder those circumstances, it W'as necessary to refer to the District Court opinion in order properly to consider the pertinent legal issues.” Id.
Here, an examination of the Second Circuit’s opinion shows that it did not undertake to conduct any independent analysis of the defendants’ claim and relied “substantially on the reasons stated” by the District Court in affirming that court’s decision. We, therefore, find it “necessary to refer to
On May 7, 1998, following the trial court’s memorandum of decision, the plaintiff filed a motion for articulation of the trial court’s decision. The trial court denied this motion on the same date. On May 15,1998, the plaintiff filed a motion for review with this court. We granted the plaintiffs motion and ordered the trial court “to articulate its decision on the issue of res judicata.” On October 30, 1998, the trial court issued its articulation.