24 Ind. App. 271 | Ind. Ct. App. | 1899
Appellant’s common council, by resolution, authorized its mayor to contract with appellee for the rental of four rooms on the second floor of a certain building, at not to exceed $20 per month, for city office use. On June 15, 1895, the mayor leased in writing from appellee, for the city, rooms two, four, five, and eleven, at the place designated by the resolution, for ten years, at $20 per month, payable quarterly, commencing July 1, 1895, the lease to end in case the city erected a building of its own. The lease was not reported to the council, nor entered on the
The questions discussed by appellant’s counsel relate to the motion for a new trial and the conclusions of law. In discussing questions arising on the admission and exclusion of certain evidence, appellant’s counsel have failed to comply with that part of rule twenty-five of this court providing that, “in discussing questions arising on the admission or exclusion of evidence, counsel shall refer to the particular testimony, and specify by pages and lines the part of the record where it appears, and shall also state specifically the nature of the evidence and the objections thereto.” In no instance has any attempt been made to comply with this rule. Smiser v. King, 17 Ind. App. 519; Harness v. State, 143 Ind. 420; Evans v. Koons, 10 Ind. App. 603; Toledo, etc.,
In the case at bar the lease is for rooms to be used as city offices for the period of ten years, with the proviso that if at any time during that period the city should erect a building of its own for such purposes, the lease should end. The city had power to enter into such a contract, and the question is whether the mayor had authority under the resolution to bind the city in such a lease.
A city has the right to erect or lease a building for city purposes, and provide suitable accommodations for the transaction of municipal business. This is a necessary incident to the administration of the municipal government, and is a right essential for the accomplishment of the purposes of the city’s creation.
In City of Vincennes v. Citizens, etc., Co., 132 Ind. 114, 16 L. R. A. 485, in speaking of the power of a city to contract for a supply of gas or water, the court said: “The length of time for which they shall bind their towns or cities depends upon so many circumstances and conditions as to situation, cost of supply, and future prospects, that the courts can interfere only in extreme cases and upon seasonable application. We cannot say that twenty-five years is an unreasonable time for which to contract for a supply of light or water.” See City of Valparaiso v. Gardner, 97 Ind. 1.
A distinction is drawn between those powers of a municipal corporation which are of a legislative character and those which are of a business nature. Thus; it is said, the power to execute a contract for goods, for houses, for gas, for water, and the like, is neither a judicial nor a legislative power, but is a purely business power. City of Valparaiso v. Gardner, supra; Kramrath v. City of Albany, 127 N. Y. 575; Western Saving Fund v. City of Philadelphia, 31 Pa. St. 175. See Willard v. Newburyport, 12 Pick. 227; Davenport v. Hallowell, 10 Me. 317.
If the contract is not ultra vires, is not against public policy, and not fraudulent, it must be enforced the same as the contract of a business corporation or private person. City of Indianapolis v. Indianapolis, etc., Co., 66 Ind. 396. It is true that a person contracting with a municipal corporation must, at his peril, inquire into the power of the corporation or of its officers to make the contract. But in this case there is no question but that the city had the power to lease the rooms, and the only question is whether the mayor, acting for the city under the resolution, might make the lease.
In 1 Dillon Mun. Corp. (4th ed.) §450, the author says: “The authorized body of a municipal corporation may bind it by'an ordinance, which, in favor of private persons interested therein may, if so intended, operate as a contract; or they may bind it by resolution, or by vote clothe its officers, agents, or committees, with power to act for it; and a contract made by persons thus appointed by the corporation, though by parol, unless it be one which the law requires to be in writing, will bind it.” See Abby v. Billups, 35 Miss. 618; Fanning v. Gregoire, 16 How. 523; Bellmeyer v. Marshalltown, 44 Iowa 564; Over v. City of Greenfield, 107 Ind. 231; Ross v. City of Madison, 1 Ind. 281, 48 Am. Dec. 361; City of Indianapolis v. Skeen, 17 Ind. 628.
It cannot be said that the resolution of the council necessarily contemplated a lease from month to month, any more than it contemplated a lease for one month. It was not necessary that there should be a formal acceptance of the
A more difficult question arises as to the effect of the oral agreement whereby certain rooms leased were exchanged for certain other rooms. The written lease, when executed, bound the city for ten years. But, after the change of rooms was made, one of the essential elements of the contract was then evidenced by an oral agreement. The oral variation was made in respect of a material particular of the contract. It is well settled by the courts of this State that a contract part written and part oral is a parol contract. Pulse v. Miller, 81 Ind. 190; Louisville, etc., R. Co. v. Reynolds, 118 Ind. 170; Tomlinson v. Briles, 101 Ind. 538; Board v. Shipley, 77 Ind. 553; McCurdy v. Bowes, 88 Ind. 583; Gordon v. Gordon, 96 Ind. 134.
If an oral contract is made with reference to two subject matters, one of which would not be within the statute of frauds and the other would, such contract is not severable, and cannot be enforced. See Rainbolt v. East, 56 Ind. 538, 26 Am. Rep. 40; Becker v. Mason, 30 Kan. 697; Pond v. Shean, 132 Ill. 312; Caylor v. Roe, 99 Ind. 1.
“It is clear that if the several stipulations are so interdependent that the parties cannot reasonably be considered to have contracted but with a view to the performance of the whole, or that a distinct engagement as to any one stipulation cannot be fairly and reasonably extracted from the transaction, no recovery can be had upon it, however clear
Appellee, in effect, now sues on a contract which the' statute of frauds requires to be in writing, but which is in fact partly written and partly oral. It is true the parties could' have made two contracts of leasing, but it is evident from the record that they did not. Prom the whole record it cannot be said that the parties intended to include part of the premises in one contract and part in another. But it is evident that it was intended the leasing should be under one contract. The rent for all the premises was at a gross sum per month, and there is nothing from which it can be said that the contract was severable. As the written, contract, by the oral variation, became a parol contract, the effect of such variation was an abandonment of the written lease, and the making of a new contract at the time the change in the premises took place. The right to enforce the written lease was lost by reason, of the subsequent oral variation.
In Browne on Stat. Prauds (4th ed.) §411, it is said: “It seems to be well established that where a contract, affected by the statute, has been put in writing, and the plaintiff, in a case of subsequent oral variation of some of the terms of the written agreement, declares upon the writing as qualified by the oral variation, he cannot prevail.” And so- it is held that a memorandum, required by the statute to be in writing, must set out the contract with such certainty that its terms may be understood from the writing itself, without recourse to parol proof. Ridgway v. Ingram, 50 Ind. 145, 19 Am. Rep. 706; 2 Kent Com. 511; Norris v. Blair, 39 Ind. 90, 10 Am. Rep. 135.
In Goss v. Nugent, 5 Barn. & Ad. 58, by a written agreement appellant contracted to sell appellee several lots of land, and to make a good title. It was afterwards verbally agreed that the vendee should waive the title as to one of
In Stead v. Dawber, 10 Ad. & El. 57, a written contract to sell and deliver by a certain date a certain cargo was orally varied by extending the time of delivery. It was held that as the contract was within the statute it could not be proved, as to any essential part of it, by oral testimony, “for to allow such a contract to be proved partly by writing and partly by oral testimony would let in all the mischiefs which it was the object of the statute to exclude.” The same doctrine is announced in Marshall v. Lynn, 6 M. & W. 109, where the time fixed for the delivery of goods sold under a written contract was extended by parol. And the same rule is announced in Harvey v. Grabham, 5 Ad. & El. 61, where a written agreement to lease land was orally varied as to the method of valuing certain straw, etc., reserved to the lessor.
In commenting upon these English eases Mr. Browne, in .his work on the Statute of Erauds (4th ed.) §415, says: “The ground upon which the cases just cited were all decided is this: that the plaintiff sued upon a contract which the statute of frauds required to be in writing, but which in fact was partly in writing and partly in parol; and that although originally put in writing, and varied only as to the manner of performance, still the suit could not be said to be upon the original written contract, but upon a new contract made out by incorporating therewith certain oral stipulations.”
In the case at bar the oral agreement to change the prem
Although the rent was paid every three months, there is no express agreement, nor is there sufficient to imply an agreement, between the parties that the tenancy should be of three months’ duration. The premises were occupied with the express consent of the landlord, the rent being payable quarterly at a certain rate per month, and, as there was no agreement as to how long the tenancy should continue, it became a general tenancy, as recognized by the statute, and as such tenancy it is deemed to be, under the statute, a tenancy from year to year., §7089 Bums 1894, §5208 Horner 1897; Elliott v. Stone City Bank, 4 Ind. App. 155; Rothschild v. Williamson, 83 Ind. 387; Nash v. Berkmeir, 83 Ind. 536; Kleespies v. McKenzie, 12 Ind. App. 404; People v. Rickert, 8 Cow. 226; Tress v. Savage, 82 Com. Law 36, 4 Ellis & B 36.
Under the evidence, the tenancy was from year to year, beginning when the change in the premises took place, and, as the premises were surrendered, appellee was entitled to rent only up to the end of the first year. The motion for a new trial should have been sustained. Judgment reversed.