City of Mason v. BanksCity of Mason v. Banks
Lead Opinion
OPINION
In a previous opinion, Banks v. City of Mason,
The case was heard by the trial judge, sitting without a jury, and the court ruled that respondent had not carried his burden of proof to show that the deputy, against whom respondent had obtained an unsatisfied judgment in federal court, was not engaged in willful wrongdoing when he inflicted injury on respondent. The intermediate court reversed, holding that the City of Mason had the burden of proof to show that its employee’s acts were willful but that the proof preponderated in favor of a finding of negligence. We granted certio-rari to address the areas of disagreement between the two courts.
On April 2, 1973, respondent obtained a $40,000 judgment against Arnell Freeman, a part-time deputy on the Mason police force, in an action brought in federal district court in Memphis arising under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Although the jurisdictional prerequisites for a § 1983 action apparently were met, the underlying nature of Freeman’s liability to respondent, the focus of the inquiry here, as determined in that action has not been included in the record presented to this Court.
The entire evidence upon which respondent seeks to establish that Arnell Freeman engaged in conduct within the course of his employment which entitles respondent to indemnification is the trial transcript of the proceedings in the § 1983 action. Thus, by stipulation, the parties chose to forego a trial of the indemnification issues and incorporated the proceedings that resulted in a judgment under the federal civil rights laws.
Undisputed testimony attested that respondent had been visiting his family in Mason, had been drinking beer at local bars on the evening of November 26, 1970, and became embroiled in a scuffle in front of Boyland’s Cafe. Though steadfastly denied by respondent, there was some testimony that respondent’s actions inside the cafe, “cutting-up” and “pouring beer on people”, precipitated the incident. Officer Arnell Freeman almost immediately arrived at the scene and, as he testified, placed respon
The primary factual issue material to respondent’s entitlement to relief under T.C.A. § 6-640 is whether Freeman engaged in willful wrongdoing when he arrested respondent, or whether he was justified, although negligent, in using force that ultimately blinded respondent in his left eye. According to Freeman’s testimony, Hays and Bond peacefully went to the car, but respondent, “Fought me all the way over there to the car . It was a
scuffle and tussle all the way from the time I got there and until the time I got him in the car.” Though Freeman finally placed respondent in his car, according to Freeman’s testimony, respondent repeatedly attempted to escape, threatening, “You are going to make me kick your ass,” and trying to get at the other arrestees. Freeman hit respondent in the head with a blackjack (“slapstick”), the only weapon he carried other than a can of mace. According to Freeman’s testimony, at the time he used his blackjack,
“Well, he [respondent] was coming to me, well, actually, what I mean by coming to me, was just scuffling and I had hold of him with one hand and I was trying to tell him to get back into the car. He said: ‘I’m not going nowhere. You are going to make me kick you so and so.’ So I shoved him back and he turned back like this and I just hit him (indicating). He thrust his hand back.”
Respondent’s testimony, and that of his two uncles who witnessed the incident, advanced a radically different version of the arrest. Respondent contended that Freeman “came up and . . . yanked me by the back of my collar and he picked me up and he hit me in the back” and that at no point had he resisted arrest. Respondent testified the blackjack blow was unprovoked.
A neutral bystander, David Cartwright, provided testimony, however, that tended to substantiate Freeman’s version of the arrest. Cartwright stated respondent had been resisting arrest, and in describing the circumstances under which the blow was struck, said,
“Now, he was jumping back and up and he started having words and started having words with Dip [Freeman], and he did that, Dip hit him then.
And he was crawling out of the car when this blow, he was out of the car now, he was standing, he, he had his arm over the door.”
Lawrence Hays, one of those also arrested, testified that respondent had been resisting arrest, but Hays had not witnessed the blow struck with the blackjack. He did testify, nevertheless, that Freeman did not use excessive force in placing respondent into his car, thus lending credibility to Freeman’s version of the arrest.
Based upon this evidence, the trial court ruled respondent had not carried his burden of proof to establish the conduct of Freeman was not willful wrongdoing. On appeal to the intermediate court, it was held that defendant City had the burden of proof on the issue, yet the evidence supported a judgment for respondent. The Court reasoned that defendant had the affirmative on the issue, and hence the risk of nonpersuasion, because the § 1983 judgment rendered the “issues of negligence and the burden of proving negligence . moot.”
We find the Court of Appeals erred in holding defendant had the affirmative of the issue. In City of Memphis v. Roberts,
“[T]he intent of § 6-640 T.C.A. [was] that the governmental entity indemnify the employees enumerated therein by paying [and defending] any judgment for compensatory damages awarded against them for any negligence committed in the performance of their official duties.”(Emphasis supplied) 528 S.W.2d at 205-06 .
Albeit the statute does not mention the word “negligence,” it is clear from our construction of the statute in Roberts that T.C.A. § 6 — 640 contemplated indemnification for a policeman’s or fireman’s breach of a duty owed to an indemnitee arising out of his employment, except for conduct involving willful wrongdoing. The burden of proof, in the sense of the risk of nonpersuasion, should rest on the party who seeks to establish his entitlement to the benefits of the legislative enactment. Cf. Pack v. Royal-Globe Ins. Cos.,
One of the statutory requirements for recovery is the absence of willful wrongdoing. If willful wrongdoing is made an issue by the pleadings, its nonexistence must be established or plaintiff cannot recover. The confusion arises because, generally, the plaintiff must prove the affirmative of an issue, and here, the statute requires the negative to support the cause of action.
In 1 Gibson’s Suits in Chancery § 451 at 512 (5th ed. 1955) the author states:
“This burden rests on that party against whom, on the state of the pleadings, the issue would be decided if no proof in regard to it was introduced."
The burden of proving an affirmative of an issue “may sometime carry with it a responsibility of proving the negative of a fact or proposition, like the burden of the plaintiff in negligence cases in some states to prove freedom from contributory negligence.” 1 Jones, Evidence §§ 5.5 at 533 and 5.8 (6th ed. Gard 1972); see Maury Nat’l Bank v. McAdams,
The Court of Appeals held that the judgment in federal court, which it characterized as a “judgment for injuries resulting from a tort committed upon the plaintiff,” rendered “[t]he issues of negligence and the burden of proving negligence . moot.” We find that such a conclusion must be based on a misapplication of the doctrine of collateral estoppel. At the outset, as will be more fully developed infra, respondent’s former adjudication was not a tort judgment, but rather a judgment based on the federal civil rights laws. Respondent has included neither the actual judgment nor the pleadings in that cause in the record, but he relies entirely on the trial transcript. It has not been shown that the issue decided in the § 1983 action was identical to the one presented in the case at bar, i. e., whether Freeman’s conduct was “willful wrongdoing.” It is elementary that es-toppel by judgment only applies to those issues actually litigated. E. g., Shelley v. Gipson,
Since we hold respondent had the burden of proof, as properly determined by the trial court, it is necessary to determine whether, under the facts adduced in the federal trial transcript, respondent met his burden of proof to establish that Freeman’s conduct was not “willful wrongdoing.” Under T.C.A. § 27-303, the cause comes before this Court for review de novo, with a presumption of correctness of the judgment of the trial court, law or equity, when the Court of Appeals does not concur in that judgment. See City of Columbia v. C. F. W. Constr. Co.,
The trial court ruled that the evidence made out a case of excessive use of force by Freeman in effecting the arrest of respondent. The court’s order recited that “any injuries inflicted upon the plaintiff were done through willful or intentional acts on the part of Arnell Freeman and, therefore, that the cause of action against the City of Mason should be dismissed.” In contrast, the intermediate court concluded as to this issue:
“The total evidence establishes to the satisfaction of this Court that the policeman was attempting to place a resisting person, lawfully arrested for fighting on the public streets of the city, in the officer’s automobile. The force used may have been excessive under the circumstances. The blow to the head may have been a negligent act on the . part of the officer, the use of that force in that degree may have been bad judgment, but the evidence does not establish willful wrongdoing on the part of the officer.”
We think that the intermediate court’s version of the incident, also urged by respondent, does not find support in the law or under the facts of the case. T.C.A. § 40-808 provides, “If, after notice of the intention to arrest the defendant, he either flee[s] or forcibly resists, the officer may use all the necessary means to effect the arrest.” The basic principle, as codified in the statute, is that an officer may only use the force reasonably necessary to accomplish the arrest, with due regard to other attendant circumstances, such as his own safety or that of others present. See An-not.: Peace Officer’s Liability For Death Or Personal Injuries Caused By Intentional Force In Arresting Misdemeanant,
“Except in self-defense, an officer cannot resort to the extremity of killing, or shedding blood, in arresting or in preventing the escape of one charged with an offense less than felony, even though the offender cannot be taken otherwise.”159 Tenn. at 243-44 ,18 S.W.2d at 381 .
Accord, Day v. Walton,
A finding that Freeman did not have reasonable grounds to effect the arrest by the force employed does not mean that Freeman was negligent, as the intermediate court held. It is clear from the record that Freeman intended to hit respondent in the head with his blackjack; it was his voluntary and conscious act. He was privileged to use only that force necessary to effect the arrest and was liable for the amount of the force that was excessive. See Restatement (Second) of Torts §§ 71, 133. Hence Freeman was liable for the damages caused by his excessive and unprivileged use of force under the intentional tort of battery. It is irrelevant that Freeman did not “intend” to maim respondent, for his use of that force, in an exercise of a conscious and volitional act, was an unprivileged intentional tort. See Restatement (Second) of Torts § 8A.
No authority has been cited before this Court that, under the circumstances of this case, Freeman’s acts could be considered negligent. In Baranowski v. City of Milwaukee,
This conclusion is supported not only from a reading of the record, but by the fact, as conceded by all parties, that respondent has recovered judgment under a § 1983 cause of action. Respondent claims that the proof shows a “negligent act” and that the judgment in federal court, based upon the proof before us, rested upon a finding of negligence. Our analysis of the relevant case law persuades us that respondent’s contention is wholly incongruous with a § 1983 judgment based on the very proof before the Court.
The essential requirements of a § 1983 action are that the conduct complained of was engaged in under color of state law and that such conduct deprived plaintiff of rights, privileges or immunities secured by the federal constitution and laws. E. g., Jones v. Hopper,
The Supreme Court of the United States has not addressed specifically whether an isolated act of negligence simpliciter can support a finding that the negligent act caused a § 1983 deprivation, though the Circuit Courts of Appeals are in disagreement. Cf., e. g., Navarette v. Enomoto,
Assuming, arguendo, that Freeman’s actions were negligent, as argued now by respondent, we fail to see how such conduct would support a § 1983 judgment that respondent was denied a federally protected right when the Sixth Circuit, whose construction of the applicable law would be binding on the federal court sitting in Memphis, has held that isolated incidents of negligence are not cognizable under § 1983. On the other hand, numerous decisions have allowed recovery under § 1983 based on a policeman’s use of excessive force in effecting an arrest when the policeman’s conduct was conscious, volitional and purposeful. See, e. g., Bellows v. Dainack,
It is obvious that these decisions were based on the willful, but unprivileged, acts of a policeman in effecting an arrest in a manner that amounted to a misuse of his power under the color of law. See Robertson v. Wegmann, supra. Consequently, it is clear from the law and the evidence in the record, that Freeman’s conduct was an intentional and willful act, as found by the trial court. It follows that such a volitional, unprivileged and abusive act falls within the definition of “willful wrongdoing” under T.C.A. § 6-640. An evaluation of the proof and an analysis of the applicable law lead inevitably to this result.
Respondent relies on City of Kingsport v. Quillen,
The judgment of the Court of Appeals is reversed and the suit is dismissed. Costs are adjudged against respondent, Banks.
Notes
. In Procunier v. Navarette, supra, rev’g, Navarette v. Enomoto supra, the Supreme Court held that state prison officials were entitled to a qualified immunity from damages under § 1983 and could not be held liable under allegations of negligent interference with a state prisoner’s outgoing mail in violation of his constitutional rights under the first and fourteenth amendments. Writing in dissent, Chief Justice Burger would have held that “one who does not intend to cause and does not exhibit deliberate indifference to the risk of causing the harm that gives rise to a constitutional claim is not liable for damages under § 1983” and observed, “Neither the language nor the legislative history of § 1983 indicates that Congress intended to provide remedies for negligent acts.”
Rehearing
OPINION ON PETITION TO REHEAR
The Petition to Rehear relies upon factual contentions and legal authorities hereto
The Petition to Rehear is denied.
HENRY, C. J., and COOPER, BROCK and HARBISON, JJ., concur.