172 N.W.2d 392 | Mich. Ct. App. | 1969
CITY OF EAST LANSING
v.
DEUTSCH
Michigan Court of Appeals.
Daniel C. Learned, City Attorney and Julius I. Hanslovsky, for the city of East Lansing.
Stuart J. Dunnings, Jr., for defendant.
Before: J.H. GILLIS, P.J., and LEVIN and BRONSON, JJ.
BRONSON, J.
Defendant, Marlene Joan Deutsch, along with several other students from Michigan State University, decided to demonstrate for passage of a fair housing ordinance which was pending before the City Council of East Lansing. Thus, on May 25, 1965, the defendant and others proceeded to the City Hall, located in the 400 block of Abbott Road, and they sat down in the street. This action completely blocked the street to all vehicular traffic.
This group of sit-in protestors refused to disperse. The mayor of East Lansing read an ordinance [ch. *77 II, art II, § 2-2.1, subsection (q)] and asked everyone to remove themselves from the street. The protestors refused to move. They were arrested.
Defendant Deutsch was charged with violating an ordinance of East Lansing, namely: "Article II Morals and Conduct; Disorderly Conduct; Section 2-2.1(q)", which reads:
"No person shall:
* * *
"(q) Loiter on any street or sidewalk or in any park or public building or conduct himself in any public place so as to obstruct the free and uninterrupted passage of the public."
Defendant's attorney admitted at trial that the defendant and others had seated themselves in the street in front of City Hall, and had refused to move after the mayor read the city ordinance to them.
Defendant sought dismissal of the complaint, and this motion was denied. She was convicted before a jury on May 28, 1968. On appeal, defendant now attacks the constitutionality of the East Lansing ordinance, and the right of the trial judge to direct a verdict.
Article VII of the Michigan Constitution (1963) reads in part:
"Sec. 22. * * * Each such city * * * shall have power to adopt * * * ordinances relating to its municipal concerns * * *."
"Sec. 29. * * * Except as otherwise provided in this constitution the right of all * * * cities * * * to the reasonable control of their highways streets, alleys and public places is hereby reserved to such local units of government."
The home rule charter of East Lansing, § 2.1, grants the city the power "to pass and enforce all laws, *78 ordinances, and resolutions relating to its municipal concerns."
Defendant does not question the authority of a city to adopt ordinances under its police power. Nor does she deny the authority of a city to prohibit nuisances or breaches of the peace. However, she does claim that when such ordinances are passed they must state clearly and precisely what actions constitute a violation of such ordinances and what penalties will be applied to a transgressor.
A statute will be presumed to be constitutional by the courts unless the contrary clearly appears, and this same presumption of constitutionality applies to a city ordinance, with the burden of overcoming the presumption being placed upon the person asserting unconstitutionality. People v. Sell (1945), 310 Mich. 305; City of Detroit v. Bowden (1967), 6 Mich. App. 514.
The trial court, in an excellent written opinion on a motion to quash by defendant, noted:
"[T]hat the Supreme Court goes far to uphold state and city regulations that deal with offenses difficult to define, especially when they are not entwined with limitations on freedom of expression. Winters v. New York (1948), 333 U.S. 507 (68 S. Ct. 665, 92 L. Ed. 840). But, on the other hand, the power and duty of the state to take adequate steps to preserve the peace and to protect the privacy, the lives, and the property of its residents cannot be doubted. Thornhill v. Alabama (1940), 310 U.S. 88 (60 S. Ct. 736, 84 L. Ed. 1093).
"A penal law cannot be sustained unless its mandates are so clearly expressed that any ordinary person may determine in advance what he may or may not do. People v. Sarnoff, 302 Mich. 266. To sustain such a penal law would be denying the defendant due process of law."
*79 Defendant argues that the ordinance is an unwarranted abridgment of her freedom of speech as guaranteed by the First Amendment and is therefore unconstitutional. It is clear, however, that:
"[T]he * * * power of a state extends beyond health, morals and safety, and comprehends the duty, within constitutional limitations, to protect the well-being and tranquility of a community. A state or city may prohibit acts or things reasonably thought to bring evil or harm to its people. 16 Am Jur 2d, Constitutional Law § 305, p. 598. See also Kovacs v. Cooper, supra." Opinion of trial court.
In Kovacs v. Cooper, 336 U.S. 77 (69 S. Ct. 448, 93 L. Ed. 513), the Supreme Court recognized that while city streets are a normal and logical place for the exchange of ideas through speech or expression it is not beyond all power of the local government to control the means and extent of the manner of dissemination. However, when used for ordinary purposes, this right of regulating streets and sidewalks should be sparingly exercised. People v. Dmytro (1937), 280 Mich. 82.
"`The distinction between the use by the public in the usual way for pleasure or business and as a place or instrumentality for business for private gain is fundamental. While as to the former the power to regulate must be sparingly exercised and only when necessary in the public interest, as to the latter the right to use may be given or withheld.' Melconian v. City of Grand Rapids, 218 Mich. 397, 404." People v. Dmytro, supra, at p 85.
Defendant argues that a penal law cannot be sustained unless it is so clear on its face that an ordinary person may know in advance what actions are proscribed. Defendant further states that it is the general rule that a criminal statute when applied to the situations it purports to govern must be sufficiently *80 definite in its terms to inform the average, intelligent person what conduct will subject him to penalties.
In City of Detroit v. Wedlow (1969), 17 Mich. App. 134, this Court said (p 137):
"In Shuttlesworth v. City of Birmingham (1965), 382 U.S. 87 (86 S. Ct. 211, 15 L. Ed. 2d 176), the United States Supreme Court considered the constitutionality of the Birmingham loitering ordinance. In Shuttlesworth, the ordinance provided:
"`It shall be unlawful for any person or any number of persons to so stand, loiter or walk upon any street or sidewalk in the city as to obstruct free passage over, on or along said street or sidewalk. It shall also be unlawful for any person to stand or loiter upon any street or sidewalk of the city after having been requested by any police officer to move on.'
"In analyzing this ordinance, the United States Supreme Court stated that the ordinance as literally read sets forth two separate and disjunctive offenses. According to the Court, the second sentence of the ordinance literally sets forth an offense complete in itself and as such is unconstitutional because a person may stand on a public sidewalk in Birmingham only at the whim of a police officer. It was upon this possible literal construction of the second sentence by the trial court that the Supreme Court reversed Shuttlesworth's conviction and remanded to the Alabama Court of Appeals.
"Despite the above literal construction, the Court noted that following the Shuttlesworth trial but before appeal to the Alabama Court of Appeals, the Alabama Court of Appeals, in Middlebrooks v. City of Birmingham (1964), 42 Ala App 525 (170 So 2d 424), expressly narrowed the construction of the Birmingham ordinance. Under this narrowed construction, mere refusal to move on after a police officer's request is not sufficient to support the offense. Rather there must also be a showing that the accused *81 obstructed free passage. The Supreme Court approved this narrow construction by Alabama courts saying that under such a construction the ordinance would not be unconstitutional.
"In comparing the Detroit city ordinance with the Birmingham ordinance as narrowly construed, we find loitering to be sufficiently well defined in the Detroit ordinance so as to limit application to those persons who are obstructing free passage of pedestrians. The ordinance does not prohibit standing on a sidewalk, but only standing on a sidewalk so as to hinder or impede pedestrian traffic. Thus the Detroit loitering ordinance achieves its obvious regulatory purpose of keeping sidewalks clear and is not unconstitutionally broad or vague."
Similarly, the East Lansing ordinance thus narrowly construed does not prohibit all interferences with the use by others of the streets and sidewalks, but rather conduct on a street or sidewalk so as to obstruct the free and uninterrupted passage of the public. See Cameron v. Johnson (1968), 390 U.S. 611 (88 S. Ct. 1335, 20 L. Ed. 2d 182), reh den 391 U.S. 971 (88 S. Ct. 1335, 20 L. Ed. 2d 182).
The Supreme Court of the United States stated, in regard to a Louisiana statute which prohibited the obstruction of public passages:
"The constitutional guarantee of liberty implies the existence of an organized society maintaining public order, without which liberty itself would be lost in the excesses of anarchy. The control of travel on the streets is a clear example of governmental responsibility to insure this necessary order. A restriction in that relation, designed to promote the public convenience in the interest of all, and not susceptible to abuses of discriminatory application, cannot be disregarded * * *." Cox v. Louisiana (1964), 379 U.S. 536, 554 (85 S. Ct. 453, 13 L. Ed. 2d 471).
*82 Similarly, in City of Detroit v. Bowden (1967), 6 Mich. App. 514, this Court recognized the right of a legislative body to make even innocent acts unlawful if these acts have a tendency to affect or endanger the public in connection with health, safety, morals or general welfare. The ordinance under which defendant was charged was enacted to protect the public safety, and is therefore within the police powers of the city of East Lansing. See Territory of Hawaii v. Anduha (CA 9, 1931), 48 F2d 171.
The crux of defendant's argument is that she had a constitutional right to block traffic in order to protest and to assemble in favor of fair housing legislation and that this purpose was protected from the dictates of the city ordinance by virtue of both the state and Federal constitutions.
Two United States Supreme Court cases have articulated the permissible bounds of protest in a manner which clearly marks appellant's behavior as illegal. In Adderley v. Florida (1966), 385 U.S. 39 (87 S. Ct. 242, 17 L. Ed. 2d 149), reh den 385 U.S. 1020 (87 S. Ct. 698, 17 L. Ed. 2d 559), Mr. Justice Black delivered the opinion which affirmed petitioner's conviction for "trespass with a malicious and mischievous intent" upon the premises of the county jail. The issue presented was whether the motive of the petitioner to protest prior arrests and city segregation policies insulated his behavior, blocking a driveway to the jail entrance, from the prohibition of the Florida trespass statute. The majority ruled that it did not.
Justice Black carefully distinguished the Adderley case from Edwards v. South Carolina, 372 U.S. 229 (83 S. Ct. 680, 9 L. Ed. 2d 697), and Cox v. Louisiana, supra.
"This Court in Edwards took pains to point out at length the indefinite, loose, and broad nature of this *83 charge; indeed, this Court pointed out, 372 US, p 237 (83 S. Ct. 684, 9 L. Ed. 2d 703), that the South Carolina Supreme Court had itself declared that the `breach of the peace' charge is `not susceptible of exact definition.' South Carolina's power to prosecute, it was emphasized, 372 US, p 236 (83 S. Ct. 684, 9 L. Ed. 2d 702, 703), would have been different had the State proceeded under a `precise and narrowly drawn regulatory statute evincing a legislative judgment that certain specific conduct be limited or proscribed' such as, for example, `limiting the periods during which the State House grounds were open to the public * * *.' The South Carolina breach-of-the-peace statute was thus struck down as being so broad and all-embracing as to jeopardize speech, press, assembly and petition, under the constitutional doctrine enunciated in Cantwell v. Connecticut, 310 U.S. 296, 307, 308, (60 S. Ct. 900, 904, 905, 84 L. Ed. 1213) and followed in many subsequent cases. And it was on this same ground of vagueness that in Cox v. Louisiana, supra, pp 551, 552, the Louisiana breach-of-the-peace law used to prosecute Cox was invalidated." Adderley v. Florida, supra, at p 42.
He concluded that the Florida trespass statute was aimed at conduct of one limited kind, and that there was no lack of notice to fool the unwary. Justice Black expressed the view that those who would exercise First Amendment rights are not free from laws intended to protect the legitimate concerns of the state.
"Nothing in the Constitution of the United States prevents Florida from even-handed enforcement of its general trespass statute against those refusing to obey the sheriff's order to remove themselves from what amounted to the curtilage of the jailhouse. The State, no less than a private owner of property, has power to preserve the property under its control for the use to which it is lawfully dedicated. For this reason there is no merit to the petitioners' *84 argument that they had a constitutional right to stay on the property, over the jail custodian's objections, because this `area chosen for the peaceful civil rights demonstration was not only "reasonable" but also particularly appropriate * * *.' Such an argument has as its major unarticulated premise the assumption that people who want to propagandize protests or views have a constitutional right to do so whenever and however and wherever they please. That concept of constitutional law was vigorously and forthrightly rejected in two of the cases petitioners rely on, Cox v. Louisiana, supra, at 554 555 and 563, 564. We reject it again. The United States Constitution does not forbid a State to control the use of its own property for its own lawful nondiscriminatory purpose." Adderley v. Florida, supra, p 47.
In Cox v. Louisiana, supra, discussed by Justice Black, students protesting segregated lunch facilities walked two abreast on a sidewalk across the street from the courthouse, 101 feet away. The group did not obstruct the street. Petitioner was convicted of disturbing the peace and of obstructing public passages in violation of state statutes.
The United States Supreme Court reversed defendant's conviction and held that his rights of free speech and free assembly had been infringed, the key to the decision being a practice in the city of allowing unfettered discretion in local officials in regulation of use of streets for peaceful parades and meetings.
Justice Goldberg, writing for the majority, defined the limits of the decision in the following manner:
"From these decisions certain clear principles emerge. The rights of free speech and assembly, while fundamental in our democratic society, still do not mean that everyone with opinions or beliefs to *85 express may address a group at any public place and at any time. The constitutional guarantee of liberty implies the existence of an organized society maintaining public order, without which liberty itself would be lost in the excesses of anarchy. The control of travel on the streets is a clear example of governmental responsibility to insure this necessary order. A restriction in that relation, designed to promote the public convenience in the interest of all, and not susceptible to abuses of discriminatory application, cannot be disregarded by the attempted exercise of some civil right which, in other circumstances, would be entitled to protection. One would not be justified in ignoring the familiar red light because this was thought to be a means of social protest. Nor could one, contrary to traffic regulations, insist upon a street meeting in the middle of Times Square at the rush hour as a form of freedom of speech or assembly. Governmental authorities have the duty and responsibility to keep their streets open and available for movement. A group of demonstrators could not insist upon the right to cordon off a street, or entrance to a public or private building, and allow no one to pass who did not agree to listen to their exhortations. See Lovell v. City of Griffin (1938), 303 U.S. 444, 451 (58 S. Ct. 666, 668, 82 L. Ed. 949), Cox v. New Hampshire (1941), 312 U.S. 569, 574 (61 S. Ct. 762, 765, 85 L. Ed. 1049), Schneider v. New Jersey (1939), 308 U.S. 147, 160, 161 (60 S. Ct. 146, 150, 84 L. Ed. 155), Cantwell v. Connecticut (1940), 310 U.S. 296, 306, 307 (60 S. Ct. 900, 904, 905, 84 L. Ed. 1213), Giboney v. Empire Storage & Ice Co. (1949), 336 U.S. 490 (69 S. Ct. 684, 93 L. Ed. 834), Poulos v. New Hampshire (1953), 345 U.S. 395, 405-408 (73 S. Ct. 760, 766-768, 97 L. Ed. 1105) reh den 345 U.S. 978 (73 S. Ct. 1119, 97 L. Ed. 1392), see also Edwards v. South Carolina (1963), 372 U.S. 229, 236 (83 S. Ct. 680, 683, 9 L. Ed. 2d 697)." Cox v. Louisiana, supra, p 464.
Thus defendant's argument that she was denied constitutionally protected rights must fail. Her activity *86 falls squarely into the area designated by Justice Goldberg as "governmental responsibility to insure this necessary order."
Defendant's remaining argument goes to the question of whether the trial judge erred when he instructed the jury that it was their duty to find defendant guilty. In his charge to the jury, the trial judge included the following:
"I instruct you further, members of the jury, that the law applied to the facts in this case, which facts are undisputed, shows the defendant to be guilty of the offense charged, and it is your duty to so find under the facts and the law." (Emphasis added.)
This was error.
In People v. Ward (1969), 381 Mich. 624, the trial judge instructed the jury well and thoroughly. However, he included in his instruction the statement (p 626):
"`[T]hat it is your duty to return a verdict of guilty in this case of either murder in the first degree or murder in the second degree unless you should find that Clarence Ward was of unsound mind at the time of the happening.' (Emphasis supplied.)"
The trial judge, in Ward, then concluded with the following remarks:
"`Therefore, members of the jury, let me say to you that you have the right and it is within your province, notwithstanding my instructions to return any one of five verdicts, namely, guilty of murder in the first degree; guilty of murder in the second degree; guilty of manslaughter; not guilty; or not guilty because of insanity, but I say further to you, that it is your duty to return one of the three following verdicts and in the form hereafter mentioned, namely, murder in the first degree; murder in the *87 second degree; or not guilty because of insanity.' (Emphasis supplied.)" (p 627.)
The Supreme Court, discussing the trial judge's comments, stated:
"We hold these instructions to be erroneous.
"It is apparent that the trial judge misinterpreted CL 1948, § 768.29 (Stat Ann 1954 Rev § 28.1052), which reads as follows:
"`Sec. 29. It shall be the duty of the judge to control all proceedings during the trial, and to limit the introduction of evidence and the argument of counsel to relevant and material matters, with a view to the expeditious and effective ascertainment of the truth regarding the matters involved. The court shall instruct the jury as to the law applicable to the case and in his charge make such comment on the evidence, the testimony and character of any witnesses, as in his opinion the interest of justice may require. The failure of the court to instruct on any point of law shall not be ground for setting aside the verdict of the jury unless such instruction is requested by the accused.' (Emphasis supplied.)
"A judge's right to comment upon the evidence is precisely that. It is a right to comment. It must be exercised in words which convey clearly to the jury the fact that the judge is commenting rather than instructing. The court's charge or instructions to the jury delineate their duty. A jury may have the power but it has no right to disregard the court's instructions. In its final words the trial court stated flatly that it was the jury's duty to return one of three verdicts, murder in the first degree, murder in the second degree, or not guilty because of insanity. In his reference to the offense of manslaughter, and more importantly, a verdict of not guilty, the court made it crystal clear that such verdicts would be contrary to his instructions."
In People v. Deneweth (1968), 14 Mich. App. 604, Judge LEVIN, in a concurring opinion, stated (p 610):
*88 "Even if the defendant had admitted that the shots he fired caused Bernice Browski's death, he did not thereby admit his conduct was unlawful or culpable. Since the defendant did not admit that he acted criminally or culpably in raising and firing the gun, whether his actions should be so characterized was on this record an issue for jury resolution.
"II.
"Turning to the question whether it is ever proper for a judge to direct a verdict of guilty in a criminal case, it has already been observed that, in a criminal case, except for the facts the defendant himself judicially admits, the people's evidence is disputed by the presumption of innocence which should be weighed against the people's evidence however overwhelming and even if not otherwise contradicted." (Emphasis supplied.)
In the present case the defendant did not take the stand on her own behalf. Whatever admissions were made were not made by defendant in sworn testimony. Defendant's main argument at trial and on appeal is that the city ordinance is unconstitutional. She does not deny sitting in the street, but rather claims a constitutional right to do so. Whatever the determination of this main issue, it nonetheless is our feeling that defendant has not waived her right to a trial by jury. On this point we are guided by the determination in United States v. Taylor (D Kan, 1882), 11 F 470, 471, 472, that:
"There can, within the meaning of the constitution, be no trial of a cause by a jury unless the jury deliberates upon and determines it.
"It is doubtless true that, in a certain sense and to a limited extent, this doctrine makes the jury the judges in criminal cases, of both law and *89 fact; but this is the necessary result of the jury system."[*]
It was incumbent upon the people to prove their case; and it was the province of the jury to decide if the people's case was to be accepted. As the Court noted in Ward, supra:
"The trial judge's twofold authority to instruct the jury on the law and to make such comment upon the evidence, the testimony, and the witnesses as, in his opinion, the interest of justice may require is severable and must be discharged separately. When a trial judge instructs upon the law he must do so affirmatively. So far as the jury is concerned, the law is what the judge says it is. They have the duty to follow his instructions on the law.
"As to the court's comment upon the evidence, such comments are not binding upon the jury. They do not delineate the jury's duty and they must be prefaced by words which leave the jury free to disregard them in good conscience."
Inevitably, we come to the somewhat begrudging conclusion reached in Ward, supra, that:
"Reluctantly, we reverse * * *. Granting presumption of validity to the judgment of conviction, *90 and bearing fully in mind the mandate of statute prohibiting reversal absent a miscarriage of justice, it is yet impossible for this Court to conclude * * * that the error was not prejudicial."
Reversed and remanded.
All concurred.
NOTES
[*] In United States v. Taylor the defendant was charged with the offense of carrying on the business of a retail dealer in liquors without having paid the special taxes required by law. At trial the court directed the jury to return a verdict of guilty. On appeal Judge McCrary stated:
"The single question to be determined is whether, in such a case as this, a court may direct a verdict of guilty. It is insisted on the part of the government that, the facts being admitted or settled beyond dispute, the question of guilt or innocence depends wholly upon a question of law, which the court must determine, and that, therefore, the court may direct a verdict either way, in accordance with its opinion of the law. This is the view which was taken by the court below. In so holding, the learned district judge was, no doubt, largely influenced by the ruling of Mr. Justice Hunt in the case of United States v. Anthony, 11 Blatchf 200. I find, however, upon an examination of the subject, that, with this single exception, the authorities are, with entire unanimity, against the right of a court in a criminal case to direct a verdict of guilty."