206 N.W. 582 | Mich. | 1925
The question involved is whether the circuit court of Wayne county has jurisdiction to review proceedings from the recorder's court relating to violations of city ordinances. In exercising its jurisdiction over *358 cases involving a violation of the city ordinances, is the recorder's court inferior to the circuit court? The Constitution of this State gives the circuit court supervisory control over all inferior courts; so that we have answered the question involved when we have determined whether, in respect to its jurisdiction in city ordinance matters, the recorder's court is inferior to the circuit court.
The recorder's court of the city of Detroit was created in 1857 to succeed the mayor's court. In addition to its local municipal jurisdiction it was given exclusive and original jurisdiction of all State criminal cases arising within the corporate limits of the city, and in the exercise of this jurisdiction it was vested with all of the powers of a circuit court. It follows that in respect to its jurisdiction over State criminal cases it is not inferior to the circuit court. This is conceded by the defendant, but he insists that in its jurisdiction over city ordinances: the same rule does not apply and that as to such jurisdiction it is inferior to the circuit court.
This precise question was before our court in Swift v. WayneCircuit Judges,
"The fact that the recorder's court acts as a State criminal court in criminal cases does not make it any the less a city court in city cases. It has already been decided that these ordinance cases involve not State law, but city law, and must be reviewed on certiorari. * * * The remedy by appeal has been dropped very wisely, as State courts are not designed to act as municipal courts; but no interference has been had to provide any other remedy, so that the certiorari is the only one to be used. The review of such cases is as appropriate for the circuit court now as it was prior to 1857. It is plain enough that a municipal court is presumptively inferior to a circuit court, so far as its jurisdiction is not of equal character." *359
Counsel for the city argues that the Swift Case, though squarely against his contention, is not to be followed because the reason for the rule therein enunciated has been removed by judicial construction; that since that case was decided the distinction between a violation of a city ordinance and a State criminal law has been abolished; that at that time an ordinance was regarded merely as a by-law of a corporation, and a prosecution for its violation was in the nature of a civil proceeding; that now the violation of an ordinance is a crime and is not different from those other crimes over which the recorder's court concededly has jurisdiction without interference from the circuit court. In support of this contention he cites and relies on People v. Goldman,
Beginning with People v. Jackson,
"The ordinances of the city are no more nor less than by-laws of a corporation; and it would be strange indeed if such could be raised to the dignity of general criminal laws."
In Mixer v. Board of Sup'rs of Manistee Co.,
"They resemble criminal cases only in being penal proceedings, but no offense is a crime, which does not violate the law of the land."
Sixty-three years after the Jackson Case and 50 years after the Mixer Case, Justice SHARPE wrote in People v. Goldman. In the interval the powers of cities to enact ordinances had been greatly extended, and the view of the court as to the nature of such violations naturally and necessarily changed to meet the new situation thus presented. Justice SHARPE states it as follows: *360
"When the legislature began to extend the power of the cities to legislate in matters of local concern, under the authority conferred by article 4, section 38, of the Constitution of 1850, and ordinances began to be enacted providing for punishment by fine or imprisonment, or both, this court recognized that violations of such ordinances were violations of the law and that, when prosecuted as criminal cases, the procedure applicable to crimes attached thereto;" citingPeople v. Hanrahan,
Both the Goldman Case and the Hanrahan Case held that a violation of an ordinance was "in one sense a crime." Seventeen years after the Hanrahan Case was decided Justice OSTRANDER wrote People v. Smith,
"Prosecutions for violations of city ordinances are not criminal cases within the meaning of the term as used in the general laws of the State. * * *
"And while the proceedings are not criminal in the sense that they are in enforcement of general criminal laws, they do so partake of the nature of criminal proceedings including a verdict of guilty or not guilty, as charged, that the practice of securing by way of findings a number of special verdicts is unwarranted."
The Goldman Case was decided after People v. Smith, and is in perfect harmony with that case. Neither of them disturb the holding in Swift v. Wayne Circuit Judges, supra. It is still the law that when the recorder's court is exercising its jurisdiction in the enforcement of ordinances, it is acting as a city court; and that when exercising its jurisdiction in the enforcement of the criminal laws of the State it is vested with the powers of the circuit court, and is acting as a State court. The legislature and the courts have always maintained this distinction. The fact that both may be classed as crimes affects the distinction only in degree. There still is a distinction which gives the recorder's court two separate jurisdictions. *361
In People v. Jackson,
"The recorder's court has a twofold jurisdiction. Jurisdiction under the general laws of the State * * * and jurisdiction over prosecutions for violations of city ordinances."
In Attorney General v. Election Commission,
"It is evident that the jurisdiction of the recorder's court is of a dual character. We think it logical to say that when it is exercising jurisdiction, given to it exclusively, to enforce ordinances of the city, that it is a city court."
In Murtha v. Lindsay,
"The recorder's court is, when exercising jurisdiction to try persons accused of crimes, under the general laws of the State, a State court; its judges exercising the powers of a circuit judge."
The holding in these cases is in harmony with what was said in the Swift Case, viz.:
"The fact that the recorder's court acts as a State criminal court in criminal cases does not make it any the less a city court in city cases."
The legislature has the constitutional right to create any court and to vest it with whatever jurisdiction it pleases, provided only that it shall be inferior to the Supreme Court. In creating the recorder's court for the city of Detroit, it seems to have conferred upon it jurisdiction equal to the circuit court in cases involving the general criminal laws of the State. As to this jurisdiction the circuit court of Wayne county has no supervisory control. But in cases involving the violation of city ordinances it has not been given jurisdiction of equal character to that of the circuit court, and is therefore an inferior court, whose proceedings *362 the circuit court may review by the writ of certiorari.
The writ of mandamus is denied, without costs to either party.
CLARK, BIRD, SHARPE, MOORE, STEERE, FELLOWS, and WIEST, JJ., concurred.
