145 Mo. App. 430 | Mo. Ct. App. | 1909
Lead Opinion
This is a prosecution for a disturbance of the peace under a city ordinance. At the conclusion of the testimony on the part of the city, the court peremptorily directed a verdict of acquittal and
“Whoever shall, in this city, wilfully disturb the peace of any person or persons by violent-,, offensive, tumultuous or obstreperous conduct or carriage, or by loud or unusual noises, or shall use toward another any indecent, profane, obscene or offensive language calculated to provoke a breach of the peace,. . so that others are disturbed thereby, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor,” etc.
The complaint lodged against the defendant and on which he was tried in due form charged that the defendant did, first, unlawfully and wrongfully and wilfully disturb the peace of Robert Lanham, Eddie Eichelberger, Willie Burrus, Raymond Eichelberger, and the public generally, by loud and unusual noises, by violent, tumultuous and obstreperous conduct and carriage; and, second, by using to and toward others, whose names are to the affiant unknown, profane, offensive and obscene language calculated to provoke a breach of the peace, etc. The testimony introduced on the part of the city to sustain the charges referred to is to the effect that the defendant was scuffling with some other boys on a public street and principal thoroughfare of the city of DeSoto ' and for some reason commenced talking, loud and profane. The police officer, Robert Lanham, testified that he heard him more than a block away. Other witnesses gave testimony to the effect -that they heard his profanity across the street. Some testimony goes to show that the defendant was cursing the Eichelberger boy with whom he had been scuffling and other testimony goes to show that he was cursing some person spoken of in the testimony as an umbrella man. However, the umbrella man was not identified nor was he a witness in the case. We gather from the testimony that he was pos
“He called me a G-d d-d s-n of a b— and a G-d d-d b — , and was talking all kinds of names like that up there before I went up there. Q. When you got there what kind of language was he using? A. The first I heard was he was calling somebody a s-n of a b — .”
The police officer further testified that he heard the defendant using vile language towards the umbrella man referred to, the question and answer touching the matter being as follows:
“Q. You heard him using this vile language while he was talking to this umbrella man? A. Yes, sir.”
The police officer was asked if the defendant’s conduct and vile language disturbed his peace, and he answered that it did. While all of the evidence on the part of the city tended to prove that the defendant cursed and swore for a considerable period of time on the public street, some of it is to the effect that he was not cursing anybody particularly. One witness said, “I don’t suppose he was cursing anybody particularly unless it was the Eichelberger boy. • They had been scuffling.” The question was directed by the court to all of the witnesses as to whether or not the defendant’s cursing and swearing disturbed their peace. Each witness, other than the police officer, answered in the negative, saying that his peace was not disturbed thereby. The police officer, however, said that his peace was disturbed.
From the arguments appearing in the briefs, we gather that the court directed a verdict for the defendant on the theory that as all of the witnesses for the city, other than'the police officer, said their peace was not disturbed by the defendant’s conduct, the city failed
Indeed, the case of Salem v. Coffey, 113 Mo. App. 675, is cited in support of the doctrine referred to. That case was decided by the Kansas City Court of Appeals, Judge Ellison dissenting, a majority of the court holding that the peace of a police officer is not protected by the statute or an ordinance as the one now in judgment. According to the reasoning of that case, it is no offense for a citizen to call a police officer a G-d d-d s-n of a b— and otherwise abuse and vilify him. We are not persuaded thereby, but, on the contrary, believe that a police officer is within the protection of the statutes as are other citizens of the State or city. We believe loud, offensive and indecent language and epithets directed toward a policeman in the presence of others on the public street of a city or town sufficient to inspire fear or terror and' arouse the passions or destroy the equanimity and repose of the mind of the person abused will amount to a disturbance of the peace of that person, and evidence tending to prove such facts is certainly sufficient to make a prima-facie case for the jury touching that question. Be this as it may, we are not persuaded that the mere fact that all' of the witnesses, other than the police officer, said their peace was not disturbed was sufficient to authorize the court to direct a verdict for the defendant on the evidence to be found in this record.
In the city of St. Charles v. Meyer, 58 Mo. 86, the defendant was charged with having disturbed the peace and the Supreme Court held that it was competent to
From a careful reading of the case, we deduce the proposition that testimony to the effect that the language or conduct of the defendant actually disturbed the peace of any person or persons is not essential, as this is the real gravamen of the charge and the question for the jury to determine on all the facts and circumstances in proof. Indeed, in Salem v. Coffey, 113 Mo. App. 675, the Kansas City Court of Appeals declared such testimony to be incompetent,' saying that whether or not a person’s peace is disturbed is the gravamen of the charge and is therefore a question for the jury to determine. It is not necessary in this case to say that such testimony is incompetent, and the question is not decided. However, we entertain no doubt upon the proposition that it is not essential in a case where the language and conduct of the defendant is such as is shown by this record for the witnesses to testify positively that their peace was actually disturbed thereby. The facts in proof are certainly sufficient for the jury. A disturbance of the peace being the gravamen of the charge, whether the defendant’s conduct was calculated to disturb and did disturb the peace of persons there assembled is for the jury to say. [Keller v. The State, 25 Tex. App. 325; McCandless v. The State, 21 Tex. App. 411; People v. Murray, 61 N. Y. 406; 54 Hun.]
It is obvious that the language such as detailed by the witnesses this defendant used towards this unknown umbrella man was calculated to disturb the peace of a person whether it did disturb his peace or not and that question should certainly have been referred to the jury. It was for the jury to answer whether or not such language used toward this unknown person was calculated to disturb his peace.
Manifestly, the violent and vituperative epithets applied by the defendant to Lanham, the police officer, were calculated to disturb the peace of a person even though he be a police officer and accustomed to more or less unkind remarks from boisterous individuals.
The judgment will be reversed and the cause remanded.
Concurrence Opinion
I concur in reversal but do not concur in holding that it is not necessary in this case to hold that the testimony of witnesses, who were permitted to answer the direct question of whether their peace had been disturbed by the profanely vulgar language attributed to the defendant, and who, in answer to this, said it had not, was incompetent. I have no doubt whatever on that; and think we owe it to the trial court and to the defendant even, to pass on it and so prevent a possible further appeal. I have no hesitancy in saying that such a question was improper in this case and that the testimony sought to be and which was elicited by it called for conclusions by the witnesses on the very fact the jury was to find, and it was therefore incompetent.
Nor am I willing, by silence, to give any support to the idea, advanced in cases referred to in the opinion, that a policeman or constable is, by his office, so far removed from citizenship as not to be within “the peace of the State.” I see no more reason for applying that rule to him than to a judge, as was done by the Supreme Court of the United States in the. great case of In re Neagle, 135 U. S. 1. A policeman is as much an officer as a judge or justice and as much entitled to the protection of the laws of the land. Public officers are public servants, it is true, but they are none the less citizens and entitled to the same protection as is every citizen, in the enjoyment of every right, one of the most important and dearest of which is, the right to be within “the peace of the State,” which here means, the protection of its laws as against th’e vulgarity and profanity of public nuisances.