33 S.W. 220 | Tex. | 1895
In this case the Court of Civil Appeals, for the Fifth Supreme Judicial District, submit for our determination the following questions:
"In this case, and a number of others pending on the docket of this court, the question of disqualification of the judges occurs to us under the Nalle case, cited below.
Two of the judges of the Court of Civil Appeals for the Fifth Supreme Judicial District own residences in the city of Dallas, and all three of them are taxpayers in the city of Dallas.
This was a suit below by appellee against the city of Dallas for $10,000 for personal injuries alleged to have been received by appellee by reason of a broken and defective grating to a sewer, negligently left open by the city. There was a recovery below for $3000 damages.
The question of disqualification is not raised by either party to the suit, but is suggested by the judges themselves. *60
QUESTION 1. Does the fact that such judges are taxpayers in the city disqualify them from sitting as judges in such case?
QUESTION 2. Does the disqualification mentioned by the Supreme Court in the case of City of Austin v. Nalle,
QUESTION 3. In the absence of any objection on the part of such litigants on the ground of disqualification, or where there is a waiver on their part, would it be proper for the judges of this court to decide the case?"
The counsel for the city of Dallas has filed no briefs upon the questions certified. A brief for appellee has been presented, which contains a citation of numerous authorities in support of the position that the judges of the court are not disqualified. It is noteworthy that, notwithstanding the judges are taxpayers of the appellant corporation, counsel for the appellee are not unwilling to submit the case to their determination.
I. We think the decided weight of authority is that, at common law, a taxpayer in a municipal corporation has such an interest in a suit between the corporation and another party, as disqualifies him to sit either as judge or juror in the case. Hesketh v. Braddock, 3 Burr., 1847, is a leading case upon the subject, in which it was held that the freemen of the city of Chester were disqualified to sit upon the trial of a case which involved the question of the existence of a custom "to exclude all strangers from trading in the city." It was held that the freemen had an interest in the result of the suit, and that that interest, however minute, disqualified them. In the City of London v. Wood, 12 Mod., 686, Holt, C. J., says: "To say that one who is free of the corporation should not be judge, because he is to have a share of the penalty, is as ridiculous as it is groundless;" but in that case it was held that the judgment was voidable and should be reversed, because the suit was brought by the Mayor and Commonalty and the court was held before the Mayor and Aldermen. The ground was that the Mayor was judge in his own case, the record so showing, though, as a matter of fact, the recorder may have presided as his deputy. We doubt if the English cases which hold the freemen of a city, or the burgesses of a borough, disqualified to act as judges or jurors in such suits should be deemed precedents for us to follow, for the reason that there seems to exist a well-founded distinction between municipal corporations in England, where the charters are granted by the crown and confer exclusive privileges and special immunities, and such corporations in this State, which are *61
established purely for governmental purposes. As pointed out in Eastman v. Meredith,
But we think the doctrine that being a mere taxpayer of a city does not work a disqualification is supported by the sounder reason, at least, as applied to municipalities existing under our laws.
The grounds of disqualification of the judges in this State are prescribed in the Constitution. "No judge shall sit in any case in which he may be interested," is the language of the provision which we are called upon to construe. (Constitution, article V., sec. 11.) The same provision in the same language is found in the Constitution of 1845, and in every constitution since adopted in this State. The interest meant is a pecuniary interest, that is, such an interest as is capable of being valued by a pecuniary standard. The slightest interest is sufficient, provided it be immediate and not remote and contingent. (Taylor v. Williams,
We have seen that the provision in question has been incorporated in our constitutions since 1845, and that in each successive instrument it has been repeated in the same language. The records of this court show that eminent judges of this court have sat in cases against cities in which we have every reason to believe they were taxpayers, and in two instances, at least, have delivered the opinions in the cases. So we think, also, that district judges who were inhabitants of cities have uniformly tried cases against the cities in which they lived. While, therefore, there has been no formal ruling upon the question, the provision in controversy has been practically construed both by the trial judges and the judges of the Supreme Court. Until the decision in the case of the City of Austin v. Nalle,
In respect to the question before us, the relation of a taxpayer of a city to the city is not different from that of a taxpayer of a county to a county. Neither is it distinguishable in principle from that of one who owns taxable values in the State to the State. Yet that taxpayers in the State are qualified to sit as judges and jurors in all State cases can not be questioned. So, also, so far as we know, it has never been questioned in this State that the taxpayers in a county are competent jurors in all cases, civil and criminal, in which the fines and penalties recovered go to the use of the county. The necessity from which this results does not change the principle. The principle is that the interest — if such it may be called — is so indirect, remote, and contingent that to hold a judge or juror not disqualified by reason thereof does not conflict with *63 that fundamental doctrine laid down in London v. Wood, Taylor v. Williams, supra, that a man can not be made a judge in his own case.
We conclude that the first question should be answered in the negative.
II. It follows from what has been said that the second question must also be answered in the negative. In the Nalle case we used this language:
"This suit was brought by a property holder and taxpayer of the city of Austin to enjoin the collection of certain taxes for the years 1891 and 1892, which had been assessed for the purpose of paying the interest and sinking fund upon certain bonds, which it was claimed had been issued by the city for an illegal purpose. But, in addition to the injunction against the taxes, the plaintiff also sought to cancel the bonds so issued, and to restrain the issue of other bonds for the same purpose.
"The bonds already issued were alleged to amount to the sum of $900,000. The sum of the bonds the issue of which was sought to be enjoined was $500,000. If the latter obligations should be issued, they would, prima facie at least, authorize the assessment and collection of a tax upon all taxable values in the city for their payment. If their issue should be restrained, no such tax could be levied. It follows, therefore, as we think, that every holder of property in the city which is subject to taxation has not only an interest in the question to be determined by the suit, but also a direct pecuniary interest in the result." (City of Austin v. Nalle,
III. It is settled in Chambers v. Hodges,