100 P. 59 | Kan. | 1909
The opinion of the court was delivered by
This action was brought to recover damages on an injunction bond. On the 27th day of August, 1906, the state, on the relation of C. C. Coleman, attorney-general, brought an action in the district court against the city of Clay Center to restrain the city from issuing and disposing of certain bonds which were about to be issued and sold for.the purpose of building and equipping an electric lighting plant. A temporary injunction was granted by the judge of the district court. A trial was had and judgment rendered in favor of the city dissolving the temporary injunction. On the application of the state the order dissolving the temporary injunction was stayed and the cause was brought to this court on proceedings in error, where the judgment of the district court was affirmed. {The State v. Clay Center, 76 Kan. 866, 91 Pac. 91.)
The bond sued on was given in pursuance of an order of this court for the purpose of keeping in force the temporary injunction pending the decision here. The district court allowed a motion of the defendants to strike from the plaintiff’s petition certain paragraphs with respect to damages claimed, and it is to review the rulings of the district court in this respect that these proceedings are brought.
The first paragraph stricken from the petition alleged that during the pendency of the injunction the
The second paragraph alleged that on the date the injunction was granted the bonds of the city were worth par in the market, and could readily have been sold at their face value; that because of a depression in the money market the value of the bonds had depreciated at the time of the dissolution of the injunction at least ten per cent., and could not then and can not now be sold for more than ninety cents on the dollar, to the damage of the plaintiff in the sum of $2500.
The first claim of damages is based upon an increase in the cost of machinery and building material during the pendency of the injunction. The bond only indemnified the city against loss or damage occasioned by the injunction. Unless the injunction was the direct and proximate cause of the damage there is no liability on the bond. The rule is stated in volume 2 of the third edition of High on Injunctions, section 1663, as follows:
“That nothing will be allowed which is not the actual, natural and proximate result of the wrong committed. . . . Speculative and remote damages are not properly allowable, nor are those which are merely consequential, the limit being such damages as flow directly from the injunction as its immediate consequence.”
The city was enjoined from issuing and selling certain bonds. It was not enjoined from doing anything else. There was nothing in the injunction to restrain the city from erecting a lighting plant or from purchasing machinery and material. Unless it was prevented
It is equally obvious that for the reasons just stated the trial court erred in striking from the petition the claim of damages based upon the depreciation in the market value of the specific bonds which the injunction prevented the city from selling. In the same section of High on Injunctions from which we have just quoted (§ 1663) it is said:
“But where an injunction operates to delay the sale of property, real and personal, and pending such delay great depreciation occurs in the value of the property, such loss, being regarded as occasioned by the injunction, may be properly included in estimating the damages incurred.”
The city was enjoined from issuing and selling these bonds. During the pendency of the injunction their market value depreciated $2500. When a city places its bonds on the market it must dispose of them at the market price. But for the injunction it would have received a certain sum for these particular bonds. The difference, therefore, between the market value of the bonds when the injunction stopped the sale and their market value when the injunction no longer prevented a sale is the measure of one of its claims for damages, because it measures a loss which is the direct and proximate result of the injunction.
The defendants have directly raised another question, which has never been passed upon by this court and which it is insisted- goes to the merits of the whole controversy. It is urged that section 242 of the code of civil procedure, which reads that “no injunction, unless otherwise provided by special statute, shall operate until the party obtaining the same shall give an
When the state seeks to enjoin a corporate act of one of its subsidiary governmental agencies on the ground that the act contemplated constitutes a breach of trust, or is ultra vires, or an abuse of power, the state is in the exercise of its sovereignty. Under the common law as it prevailed in England certain exclusive rights and powers belonged to the government, represented* by the king, and were known as the king’s prerogatives. Under our system of government the state is the successor to the king, and the right to exercise these prerogatives inheres in the state. The power of-the state to invoke what were always known as the prerogative writs is limited only by the constitution. The state may proceed by mandamus or quo warranto in this court, because the constitution gives to the supreme court original jurisdiction in such cases. When the state resorts to injunction it must proceed in a lower court, for the reason that this court has no original jurisdiction in injunction. In the suit in which the bond in question was given the state proceeded on its own motion at the instance of its highest law officer. In the case of Attorney-general v. Detroit, 26 Mich. 263, Mr. Justice Cooley said:
“The right of the attorney-general to proceed in equity to enjoin an abuse of corporate power, consisting in the appropriation of corporate funds in a manner not justified by law, appears to me to rest in sound principle. . . . Every misuse of corporate authority is in a legal sense' an abuse of trust; and the state, as the visitor- and supervisory authority and creator of the trust, is exercising no impertinent vigilance when it inquires into and seeks to check it.” (Pages 264, 266.)
And in The State v. Kansas City, 60 Kan. 518, 57 Pac. 118, this court said: *
“The prevention of like breaches of trust by the officers of municipal corporations is also the duty of*490 the attorney-general of the state, or other public counselors.” (Page 525.)
The state has the sovereign power of visitation to inquire into the conduct of private corporations which it has authorized to be created, and in all actions brought by it against either public or private corporations or against public officials to prevent the abuse of power the action is publici juris, and the state merely exercises one of its prerogative rights of sovereignty.
The provision of the code to the effect that no injunction shall operate until the party obtaining the same shall give an undertaking should not be construed to limit the sovereign power of the state, unless such an intention is expressly declared or appears by necessary implication. The statute itself makes no reference to actions brought by the state. The rule of interpretation that the language of the statute shall be limited to such persons or subjects as it is reasonable to presume the legislature intended it should apply was declared in The State v. Smiley, 65 Kan. 240, 69 Pac. 199, 67 L. R. A. 903, and followed in The State v. Book Co., 69 Kan. 1, 76 Pac. 411, 1 L. R. A., n. s., 1041. In the opinion in the latter case Mr. Justice Burch quotes from page 460 of volume 1 of the fourteenth edition of Kent’s Commentaries, as follows:
“It is likewise a general rule, in the interpretation of statutes limiting rights and interests, not to construe them to embrace the sovereign power or government, unless the same be expressly named therein, or intended by necessary implication.”
(To the same effect is Jackson County v. Kaul, 77 Kan. 715, 717, 96 Pac. 45.)
It would require a most unreasonable construction of section 242 of the code to presume an intention on. the part of the legislature to place a limitation on the
Injunction, however, is an equitable remedy. When an application is presented the court acts in the capacity of a chancellor; and, whether the- application is made by a private party or on behalf of the state, the principles of equity control. It is within the power of the chancellor to grant or refuse the injunction, or to grant it upon terms; and, notwithstanding the fact that the plaintiff in the action is the state, it is within the power of the chancellor to grant the injunction upon the condition that the state shall give a bond to indemnify the defendant from loss, and to refuse to grant the relief unless a bond is given, if in his opinion equity requires a bond.
The bond sued on in this case was not given under the provisions of section 242 or of any other provision of the code. It was giv.en pursuant to an order of this court, and the injunction was only continued in force upon condition that the bond should be furnished by the plaintiff, because, in the opinion of the court, the circumstances were such as seemed to require that a bond be given. While we concur, therefore, in the contention of the defendants that this "provision of the code does not apply to the state, we go further and hold that the bond in question was given in pursuance of an express order of this court, as a condition prece-. dent to the continuance in force of the injunction, and that it was therefore a valid obligation.
It is insisted by the plaintiff that in previous decisions by the court it has been held that this provision of the code relating to injunction bonds applies to the state the same as to individuals. The cases relied upon
It follows from what has been said that the judgment must be reversed for the error of the court in striking from the petition the paragraph setting up' the claim of damages occasioned by the depreciation in the value of the bonds during the pendency of the injunction. The judgment is therefore reversed, with directions to proceed in accordance with, the views herein expressed.
