The issue raised in this appeal is whether the trial court properly issued a preliminary injunction ordering the defendant to “wheel” (transmit) electric power for the plaintiffs.
Plaintiffs are three municipalities that own and operate their own electric power operation and distribution systems. In addition to the power they themselves generate, plaintiffs also purchase wholesale electric power from defendant, a public utility, under a contract limiting rate changes in a manner favorable to the cities. Several *312 years ago, each plaintiff city contracted with additional suppliers of electricity as well. The cities of Chanute and Iola were to begin receiving five-year allocations of hydro-electric power from the Southwestern Power Administration (SWPA) on January 1,1984, and January 1,1985 respectively. Under the terms of the contracts, if the cities did not begin using their allotments of power on these dates, the allotments would be lost. The city of Fredonia was to begin receiving power from the Nearman Creek generating plant on June 1, 1983, and was obligated to pay demand charges whether or not it actually used the power.
None of the cities has the capacity to transmit the power from the generation facilities of these new suppliers to their respective distribution systems. Because each of the cities was already connected to defendant’s transmission lines, they approached defendant to arrange for the wheeling 1 of the power. Defendant was willing to enter into an agreement with the cities to wheel power, however, only on the condition that the existing contracts for the purchase of wholesale power be terminated. Because the cities were unwilling to do so, defendants refused to wheel power for them.
Consequently, plaintiffs filed this action alleging, inter alia, violations of sections 1 and 2 of the Sherman Act and of section 3 of the Clayton Act. Plaintiffs’ complaint sought treble damages and a permanent injunction requiring defendant to provide them wheeling services. Plaintiffs also sought a preliminary injunction requiring defendant to wheel their power pending the outcome of this suit. The trial court granted plaintiffs’ motion for the preliminary injunction four days before Fredonia was to begin receiving power from the Near-man Creek Project.
“It is well settled that the grant or denial of a preliminary injunction is within the sound discretion of the trial court, and may be set aside only if it is based on an error of law or constitutes an abuse of discretion.”
Kenai Oil and Gas, Inc. v. Department of Interior,
To obtain a preliminary injunction, a movant must establish that the injunction would not be adverse to the public interest; that the threatened injury to the movant outweighs whatever damage the proposed injunction may cause the opposing party; that the movant will suffer irreparable injury unless the injunction issues; and that there is a substantial likelihood that the movant will eventually prevail on the merits.
Lundgrin,
All three plaintiffs established that the preliminary injunction would not be adverse to .the public interest. Indeed, defendant misconstrues the test as being whether the injunction would benefit the public interest, and fails to elucidate any adverse effect except that suffered by the defendant.
Each plaintiff established that the injury it would sustain if the injunction is not issued outweighs whatever damage might be caused defendant by the issuance of the injunction. Indeed, defendant does not argue that the trial court erred in its balancing of the hardships.
Defendant makes several arguments in support of its position that plaintiffs did not make an adequate showing that they will suffer irreparable injury unless the injunction issues. Defendant first asserts that plaintiffs have an adequate remedy at law under the Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act of 1978. 92 Stat. 3117
et seq.
(1978). In particular, they argue that 16 U.S.C. 824j and 824k authorize the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission to order wheeling in certain circumstances. The trial court rejected this argument, noting that the drafters of the Act “intend[ed] to preserve, the jurisdiction of the Federal and State courts in actions under antitrust laws, whether or not the parties to such actions could have sought
*313
remedies under this legislation.”
Second, defendant contends that Chanute and Iola cannot claim irreparable injury until they have arranged for wheeling with the Empire District Electric Co. to interconnect with the wheeling that would be provided by defendant, because defendant is not directly connected to the SWPA. Plaintiffs are not required to produce the agreement with Empire. Their showing that they will likely reach an agreement was sufficient.
Third, defendant alleges that whatever injury might be suffered by the plaintiffs can be compensated by damages and therefore is not irreparable. Defendant does not dispute that Chanute and Iola would lose their allotment of power without wheeling, however. The difference in energy cost incurred by Chanute and Iola with and without SWPA power may be ascertainable, at least for the immediate future. The value of the availability of a potential supplier, however, cannot always be measured in dollars, particularly when, as here, such availability changes the competitive structure of the market and the supplier may be necessary to meet the long-term electrical demands of the cities. Thus, the trial court did not err in finding that the damage that Chanute and Iola would suffer absent the injunction would be irreparable.
Fredonia is in a different position, however. Its right to power from the Nearman Creek Project was not contingent on the issuance of the injunction. Absent the injunction, it would merely be forced to pay for power it would not receive. 2 This injury can be measured and compensated in dollars. The trial court recognized this fact but nonetheless granted the injunction as to Fredonia:
While Fredonia’s damages are more readily ascertainable, its factual and legal position is so intertwined with Chanute and Iola that a proper presentation of this case to a jury requires similar treatment at this stage of the proceeding. Furthermore, as to all of the cities, and under the particular circumstances of this case, the court is concerned that minimum interim damages be sustained since such injury will ultimately be born by the consuming public.
Finally, we must determine whether Chanute and Iola, having met the other three requirements for preliminary injunctions, established a substantial likelihood that they will eventually prevail on the merits. The Tenth Circuit has adopted a modified interpretation of the “likelihood of success” requirement: “When the other three requirements for a preliminary injunction are satisfied, ‘it will ordinarily be enough thát the plaintiff has raised questions going to the merits so serious, substantial, difficult and doubtful, as to make them a fair ground for litigation and thus for more deliberate investigation.’ ”
Otero Savings and Loan Association v. Federal Reserve Bank,
[wjhere, as here, certain relatively complex issues await final resolution upon a trial on the merits, the court believes the modified test is the appropriate standard to apply. Cities have made a showing on the merits sufficient to convince the court that their claims involve substantial questions which are fair ground for litigation and more deliberate investigation.
The trial court’s decision is affirmed as to plaintiffs Chanute and Iola,- and reversed as to plaintiff Fredonia.
Notes
. "Wheeling is the transfer, by direct transmission or displacement, of electric power from one utility to another over the facilities of an intermediate utility." Brief of Appellant at 5.
. In its brief Fredonia asserts that it would be forced into a distress sale of its right to power in the Nearman Creek Project if injunctive relief were not granted. This was not argued below nor is there support for it in the record. We, therefore, decline to consider this argument.