50 So. 270 | Ala. | 1909
Lead Opinion
Appellee was arrested, prosecuted, and convicted, and sentenced to hard labor, for violating an ordinance of the city of Bessemer, after which he was released and discharged by the judge of the city court of Bessemer on a writ of habeas corpus; such judge declaring the ordinance under which the prosecution was had, to be void. From that order or judgment the city of Bessemer prosecutes this appeal.
It is claimed by counsel that this appeal is taken under section 1220 of the Code of 1907; it being section 66
The ordinance in question is clearly void. It not only exceeds the powers of the municipality, which is enough to render it invalid, but it probably exceeds the power of the Legislature itself. It attempts to prohibit the keeping of any spirtuous, vinous, malt, or intoxicating liquors, drinks, or beverages in any house, building, or place where people resort, public or private, for lawful or unlawful purposes, and then provides for the seizure and confiscation of such liquors, drinks, or beverages without due process of law, as well as for the arrest of any and all persons suspected of violating such ordinance Avith or without Avarrant. There is a futile attempt to comply with the Constitution and statutes, as to seizures, searches, and arrests, by section 5 of the ordinance; but it is wholly insufficient.
Section 5 of our own Bill of Bights provides “that the people shall be secure in their persons, houses, papers and possessions from unreasonable seizure or searches, and that no Avarrants shall issue to search any place or to seize any person or thing without probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation.” The fourth amendment to the Constitution of the United States reads as folloAvs: “The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no
Search warrants are not allowed for the purpose of obtaining evidence, but they should be allowed only after the evidence has been obtained. There are exceptions to this rule, a few specific cases, where that which is the subject of the crime is supposed to be concealed, and the public has an interest in finding it and destroying it. Such are searches for stolen goods, or for smuggled goods in violation of -revenue law, and implements for gaming, counterfeiting, lottery tickets, liquors made in violation of revenue law or solid in violation of prohibition law, obscene books and papers, explosives, injurious materials, etc. “It is oftentimes better that crimes should go unpunished than that citizens should be liable to have their premises invaded, their private books and papers exposed or destroyed at the hands of ignorant and suspicious men, under the direction of ministerial officers who may bring such persons as he pleases and who selects them on account of their physical courage rather than their sensitive regard for the rights or feelings of other people.” — Cooley, 'Const. Lim. 372.
The common-law maxim, “Every man’s house is his castle,” is guaranteed by the constitutional provision of “the right of the people to be secure in their per son, houses, papers and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures,” and that “no warrant shall issue except upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, describing the place to be searched and the person or things to be seized.” It was said by Lord Chatham that “the poorest man in his cottage may bid defiance to all the forces of the crown; it may be frail;
A search warrant must be issued only by a court of competent jurisdiction, it must be issued to the officer of the law and not to the aggrieved party, it can be granted only upon probable cause supported by oath or affirmation, and the warrant must describe the premises and the person or things to be taken. — Bishop, Crim. Proc. 240-246; Tiedeman’s Lim. Pol. Pow. 462. “To enter a man’s house by virtue of a warrant in order to procure evidence against him is worse than Spanish Inquisition, a law under which no Englishman would wish to live an hour,” said Lord Camden. Search warrants may be issued for the release of females in houses of ill fame, for the recovery of children enticed away from their parents, and for the unlawful detention of any person. When it is to search for a person suffering from a dangerous or infectious disease, the warrant can he issued in aid of civil process.
Brickell, C. J., in the case of Cunningham v. Baker, 104 Ala. 169, 16 South. 70, 53 Am. St. Rep. 27, says: “As a general rule at common law an arrest could not be made without a warrant. If a felony was committed, or a breach of the peace threatened or committed, within the view of an officer authorized tO' arrest, it was his duty to arrest without warrant and carry the offender before a magistrate; or, if a felony had been committed, and there was probable cause to believe a particular person was the offender, he could be arrested without warrant. — Holley v. Mix, 3 Wend. (N. Y.) 350, 20 Am. Dec. 702; Burns v. Erben, 40 N. Y. 463. The matter of arrests is now the subject of statutory regulation, largely affirmatory of the rules of the common law. — Or.
And'in the same book (page 171 of 104 Ala., page 71 of 16 South. (53 Am. St. Rep. 27) he says: “An officer cannot justify an arrest upon the ground that he had reasonable cause to believe the person arrested had committed a felony, unless he has information of facts, derived from those reasonably presumed to know them, which, if submitted to a judge or magistrate having jurisdiction, would require the issue of a warrant of arrest, and the holding of the accused to await further examination. * * An illegal arrest cannot be justified by facts subsequently ascertained; nor can an arrest made for one purpose be justified for another.” ’
It is needless for us to examine or search for the provisions of the statutes or the charters of the city, to' see if the city is authorized to pass this ordinance, for the reason that, if such provisions exist, they are void. We do not think that the Legislature has attempted to confer such authority upon the city of Bessemer; but, if it has done so, the attempt would be void. The purpose of the Constitution was to prohibit the’ Legislature
The power of municipal corporations to make by-laws is limited by the federal and state Constitutions, and. the by-laws must be in harmony with the general laws of the state and with the charters of the respective corporations. If they conflict with either they are void. By-laws of municipal corporations must also be reasonable and they must be certain, not left to the discretion of the officers or court which imposes penalty for violating them after conviction, and they should be in harmony with the general principles of the common law and with the statutes of the state. — Mayor of Huntsville v. Phelps; 27 Ala. 55, overruling Mayor of Mobile v. Yuille, 3 Ala. 137, 36 Am. Dec. 441; Ex parte Burnett, 30 Ala. 461; Craig v. Burnett, 32 Ala. 728; Cooley, Const. Lim. 240-242; Milliken v. City Council, 54 Tex. 388, 38 Am. Rep. 629.
Municipal corporations existed at common law, and they had there but few powers beyond those of electing their officers and removing their members. Such corporations might sue and be sued, might have a common seal, might hold property, personal and real, necessary for the corporate purposes, might convey the same, and might make by-laws necessary and proper. But as a rule the powers of these corporations are now conferred expressly or impliedly (and with a very few exceptions, such as incidental powers) by and from their charters or the general law under which they exist, and such charters and laws are the measure of authority to be exercised by such corporations. The trend of the courts has been to confine these corporations to the exercise of those powers only which were so granted by the char
The general laws of this state as to spirituous, vinous, malt, and intoxicating liquors are now numerous, and may be said to be strict and stringent; but we have seen none, general or local, as strict, stringent, and drastic as this ordinance in question. The affidavit for the warrant of arrest in this case was void, and likewise was the provision of the ordinance authorizing it. They do not either comply with the state or the federal Constitution as to “probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation,” nor with the general law of the state providing for affidavits to support arrests or prosecutions. — Code 1907, § 6703.
“Good reason to believe” is not the equivalent of “probable cause for believing,” as required by the statute. While this defect is probably amendable, it is insufficient to .support a conviction, especially where objection was made on the trial as for this defect. — Butler v. State, 130 Ala. 127, 30 South. 338; Johnson v. State, 82 Ala. 29, 2 South. 466; Miles v. State, 94 Ala. 106, 11 South. 403.
We do not mean to decide that this municipal corporation, if authorized by its charter or by statute so to do, cannot pass valid ordinances, like the one in question, to prevent violations or evasions of the prohibition laws of the state or of its own valid ordinances. The law is well settled that it may. But such ordinances must be kept within the bounds of the state and federal Constitutions and within the authority conferred upon the municipality by law. An ordinance, to be valid, must be authorized by some other law, and cannot be valid if in conflict with the Constitution and statutes of the state. It thus necessarily depends, for its validity,
The judgment appealed from must he affirmed.
Affirmed.
Concurrence Opinion
I concur in the conclusion in this case; hut I do so solely upon the ground that the ordinance is too broad and far-reaching, in that it makes it unlawful to have or store liquors, whether for unlawful purposes or not. I do not think that the Legislature could, under the Constitution, prohibit the full exercise of property rights, except when exercised for unlawful purposes. It is my opinion, however, that when liquors are kept or stored, either in a public or private place, for unlawful purposes, the Legislature has the right to prohibit same, and to authorize a search for and seizure of said liquors, upon proper affidavit that they are held or stored for illegal purposes. Every man’s house is his castle, only so long as he uses it for lawful purposes; but, when he converts it into a den of lawlessness, then the right to search, upon proper affidavit, is not forbidden by the Constitution. — 25 Am. & Eng. Ency. Law, 151, and authorities cited in note 12.
Dowdell, C. J., and Denson and McClellan, JJ., concur in the affirmance of the judgment below upon the sole ground that the affidavit for the warrant was void, in that the basis for the affiant’s belief was stated to be “good reason,” rather than, and as ivas requisite, “probable cause,” therefor. Butler v. State, 130 Ala. 127, 30 South. 338. They are of the opinion that, since the affidavit was void, it is entirely unnecessary to determine the validity vel non of the ordinance set forth in