195 Vt. 21 | Vt. | 2013
Lead Opinion
¶ 1. Plaintiff CitiFinancial, Inc. appeals from the superior court’s order granting summary judgment to defendant, the Estate of Theodore Ballard, on its foreclosure complaint. CitiFinancial argues that Ballard, who was under a voluntary guardianship, was bound by a mortgage deed and promissory note that he and his guardian co-signed, and that the trial court erred in concluding otherwise. We affirm in part and reverse and remand in part.
I.
¶ 2. We begin with an overview of the guardianship process. Vermont law has provided for voluntary guardianships since 1912.
¶ 3. Under this statutory scheme, guardians in all types of adult guardianships were required to give notice that their ward’s future contracts and transfers of real or personal property would be held void. Id. § 2690. Guardians were also required, as they are today, to obtain a license from the probate court to sell or mortgage the ward’s real estate, see id. §§ 2201, 2881-2891, but not to sell the ward’s personal property. Id. § 2798.
¶ 4. The Legislature made numerous changes to the guardianship laws in 1979, essentially adopting the approach in place today. Section 2671 made voluntary guardianships available for any individual, eighteen years or older, who “desires assistance with the management of his or her affairs.” 1979, No. 76, § 3; see also 14 V.S.A. § 2671(a) (2012) (same). As part of this overhaul of the guardianship statutes, the Legislature delineated specific powers that a guardian could possess in 14 V.S.A. § 3069. In voluntary guardianship cases, petitioners themselves specify which powers they wish the guardian to exercise from the list found in § 3069, while courts in involuntary guardianship cases choose which powers from § 3069 are appropriate and necessary. See 1979, No. 76, § 15; see also 14 V.S.A. §§ 2671(b)(2), 3069.
¶ 5. At the time of the guardianship petition in this case, § 3069 identified the following guardianship powers: the power to: (1) exercise general supervision over the ward; (2) approve or withhold approval of any contract, except for necessaries, which the ward wishes to make; (3) approve or withhold approval of the ward’s request to sell or in any way encumber his personal or real property; (4) exercise general supervision over the income and resources of the ward; (5) consent to surgery or other medical
¶ 6. As indicated above, in involuntary guardianship cases, the court could appoint a “limited guardian,” who could exercise only specified powers, or a “total guardian,” who could exercise all of the powers of guardianship. 1979, No. 76, § 15; see also 14 V.S.A. § 3069(d)(1) (stating, under current law, that when guardian has been granted some but not all guardianship powers, guardianship is identified as a “limited guardianship” and guardian identified as a “limited guardian”). The law specifically provided that persons for whom a limited guardian was appointed retained all legal and civil rights except those that had been specifically granted to the limited guardian by the probate court. Id.; see also 14 V.S.A. § 3069(d)(2) (stating that, under current law, a person under limited guardianship retains all powers identified in § 3069(c) except those that have been specifically granted to limited guardian).
¶ 7. As of 1979, only guardians of spendthrifts were required to provide notice that their ward’s “[contracts, gifts, sales or transfers of real or personal estate made” after the guardian’s appointment would be considered void. See 1979, No. 76, § 18. This was presumably done in recognition that, in all cases other than spendthrift guardianships, a ward might retain certain rights, such as the right to contract or convey real property. Compare 1979, No. 76, § 19 (guardians of spendthrifts shall have the possession and management of the estates of their wards), with id. § 15 (delineating powers of guardian and recognizing that in limited guardianships, ward retains “all legal and civil rights except those which have been specifically granted to the limited guardian by the court”).
¶ 8. As stated above, guardians must obtain a license from the probate court to mortgage or sell a ward’s real property. See 14 V.S.A. § 3069(c)(5) (stating that guardian’s power to approve or withhold approval of sale or encumbrance of real property of person under guardianship is subject to the real estate licensing
¶ 9. This approach appears consistent with the general rule in other states. See, e.g., H.D.W., Power of Guardian to Sell Ward’s Property without Order of Court, 108 A.L.R. 936, 937, 944 (1937) (“By the great weight of authority, a guardian, unless restrained from doing so by statute, has the power to sell his ward’s personal property without an order of court. ... It is a general rule that
¶ 10. Under Vermont law, a license to sell a part or all of the lands of a ward or the interest of such wards in real estate, vested or contingent, will be granted only if the court finds that: (1) the ward’s personal estate is insufficient to pay the expenses of maintaining the ward and his or her family, or of educating a minor ward as his or her circumstances require; (2) the ward’s personal estate is insufficient to pay his or her debts contracted before or after the appointment of his or her guardian; or (3) it appears to the court conducive to the ward’s interest to sell the real estate, or an interest vested or contingent therein, and put the proceeds at interest or invest it in stocks or in real estate. 14 V.S.A. § 2881. Procedural requirements for granting such a license include notice and a hearing, at which the guardian must produce proof of the value of the estate to be sold, the interest of the ward therein, and of the necessity of sale; the guardian may also be required to post a bond. Id. § 2882(1)-(3).
¶ 11. Cross-referenced in the provision governing the sale of real estate is 14 V.S.A. § 2201, which governs the execution of mortgages and leases by guardians and other fiduciaries such as executors, administrators, and trustees. The law provides that, “[i]f on motion and after notice and hearing it appears to be for the benefit of the estate,” the probate court “may authorize a fiduciary to mortgage any of the real estate or to mortgage, pledge or assign any of the personalty of the estate” for certain specified purposes. Id. These purposes include the following: “to prevent a sacrifice of the estate; to make repairs and improvements upon the estate; to pay debts, legacies or charges of administration; to pay an existing mortgage, lien or tax on the estate, or to support a ward.” Id.
¶ 12. In his or her motion, the guardian must describe “the property to be mortgaged, pledged or assigned, the amount of
fix the amount for which the mortgage, pledge or assignment may be given, the terms thereof and the rate of interest which may be paid thereon, and the court may order the whole or any part of the money secured by the mortgage to be paid from time to time out of the income of the property mortgaged.
Id. As these regulations reflect, “[t]he legislative power has, with great care, guarded the rights of wards in their real estate.” Doty, 55 Vt. at 283; see also Burnell v. Malony, 36 Vt. 636, 638 (1864) (observing that regulations governing the issuance of licenses to sell reflect the “jealous care” with which the rights of wards are guarded).
¶ 13. Notwithstanding the changes made in 1979, or perhaps because of them, Title 14 is confusing in many respects and it contains provisions that are potentially contradictory. The 1979 amendments and additions to the law governing guardianships do not appear to have addressed all statutes pertaining to the powers and duties of guardians. Older statutes that remain compete with the more recent amendments. The result is a hodgepodge. For example, 14 V.S.A. § 2798 remains essentially as it was in 1797, and provides that a guardian may sell a ward’s personal estate when necessary or for the ward’s interest, and use funds to pay necessary expenses of the ward’s maintenance and education. This statute now seems to be encompassed by 14 V.S.A. § 3069(c)(3), which gives a guardian the power to “liquidate personal property for the benefit of the person under guardianship.”
¶ 14. In a similar vein, 14 V.S.A. § 2801, which is essentially unchanged since 1839, allows a guardian to discharge a mortgage when the proper sum is paid to the guardian, release any claim of his ward as mortgagee, and “give the consent of his ward to the sale of real estate when such consent is required by law.” This would appear to be a power that a person under a voluntary guardianship might want to give a guardian, but then again, the person might not; if a person seeking voluntary guardianship does not request that the guardian have such power, and the court does not incorporate the power into an order, this provision would seem a usurpation of the ward’s retained rights.
II.
¶ 16. With this background in mind, we turn to the facts of this case. Ballard filed a petition for a voluntary guardianship in May 2005. Ballard was seventy-one years old at the time and apparently could not read. In June 2005, following a hearing, the Fair Haven Probate Court appointed Ballard’s niece, Leala Bell, as Ballard’s guardian. Bell was granted powers of guardianship that included the power to approve or withhold approval of any contract, except for necessaries, which the ward wished to make,
¶ 17. On June 30, 2008, in the context of a refinance' of the mortgage on Ballard’s property, Ballard and Bell executed a promissory note in CitiFinancial’s favor for $102,670.28, with interest accruing at 12.16%.
¶ 18. Not long thereafter, CitiFinancial sought to foreclose on the property. In August 2009, Bell requested that her role as guardian be terminated. Following a hearing, the probate court terminated her appointment and appointed Judith Balch and Lisa Kemp as co-guardians. In October 2009, following the dismissal of a prior complaint due to inadequate service, CitiFinancial sued Ballard.
¶ 20. In a February 2012 decision and order, the court granted summary judgment to Ballard. It found that the guardian here had total powers over Ballard’s affairs with no powers reserved for the ward. Because the probate court did not approve the note and mortgage and Ballard was under a valid guardianship at the time they were executed, they were not enforceable against Ballard or his estate. While the guardian might be liable to CitiFinancial, the court explained, Ballard’s estate was not, nor was its real estate subject to CitiFinancial’s mortgage. Neither the court nor any of the parties referred to 14 V.S.A. § 2201, which specifically addresses the mortgage of a ward’s property. Instead, the court relied on 14 V.S.A. § 2881, which addresses the sale of a ward’s land or of the ward’s interest in land. CitiFinancial appealed from the court’s order.
¶ 21. We review a grant of summary judgment using the same standard as the trial court. Richart v. Jackson, 171 Vt. 94, 97, 758 A.2d 319, 321 (2000). Summary judgment is appropriate when, taking all allegations made by the nonmoving party as true, there are no genuine issues of material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Id.; V.R.C.R 56(a).
¶ 22. CitiFinancial argues that the promissory note and mortgage deed are valid and enforceable against Ballard. According to CitiFinancial, after his guardian was appointed, Ballard could continue to execute contracts or encumber his own property as long as he had his guardian’s approval. CitiFinancial asserts that Bell’s signature as a co-borrower on the promissory note and settlement statement evidence her “approval” of Ballard’s execution of the promissory note, and that Bell approved of Ballard’s execution of the mortgage deed because the execution of the promissory note and the mortgage deed, along with the other closing documents, were all part of the same transaction.
A.
¶24. First we consider whether the ward was required to obtain his guardian’s approval of the note and mortgage and, if so, whether Bell’s signature on the note as a cosigner sufficiently evidenced such approval. CitiFinancial appears to concede that, pursuant to the terms of the guardianship here, the ward was required to obtain his guardian’s approval to execute the promissory note and the mortgage deed. Obviously, the ward could have retained the power to enter into contracts (other than for necessaries, which he did retain) or the power to sell or encumber his real property. Instead, he specifically requested that his ability to exercise these powers be subject to approval of his guardian, and the probate court issued an order to this effect. Given that the guardian has both the power to approve and to “withhold approval” of the ward’s proposed transactions, the ward cannot act independently in these matters. If the ward could continue to act unilaterally, the guardian would be unable to fulfill his or her statutory obligation to manage the ward’s estate “frugally and without waste and in a manner most beneficial to the ward,” 14 V.S.A. § 2797, and the probate division’s supervisory function would be impeded. A competent ward who wishes to retain the power to convey the ward’s property unilaterally can do so under the guardianship laws. But once the ward has conveyed this power to the guardian, he or she must modify the terms of the guardianship in order to recover that right.
¶ 25. There is no dispute that Bell signed the promissory note below Ballard on a line bearing the preprinted designation “Borrower,” with no reference to her status as Ballard’s guardian.
¶ 26. Ballard’s argument relies on the notion that Bell participated in the transaction with CitiFinancial, subjected herself to personal liability as a cosigner of the note, signed the settlement statement as well as the promissory note, but did not actually approve Ballard’s signing of the note. This narrative is not compelled by the undisputed facts; in fact, it is hard to square with the record.
B.
¶ 27. We next consider whether the absence of a license from the probate court affects the validity of the note and mortgage. The law plainly requires probate court approval for the issuance of a mortgage deed. See 14 V.S.A. §§ 2201-2202. A guardian must seek such approval by motion, id. § 2202, and the court must find that the mortgage will satisfy one of the specifically enumerated statutory purposes. It is undisputed that the guardian failed to comply with this statute here. The mortgage deed is therefore ineffective. See, e.g., Slafter v. Savage, 89 Vt. 352, 355, 95 A. 790, 791 (1915) (“A guardian can only dispose of the real estate of his ward by proceeding in accordance with statutory provisions . . . .”).
¶28. We reject CitiFinancial’s suggestion that the licensing requirements do not apply when a ward subject to a voluntary
¶ 29. An Ohio court reached an analogous conclusion in In re Tillman, 137 N.E.2d 172 (Ohio Prob. Ct. 1956), although the probate laws at issue differ somewhat from Vermont law. In that case, the court held that a mentally competent individual who agreed to a guardianship did not retain dominion over her property and could not direct the expenditures of her own money and the disposition of her own property. The court found that, other than the appointment process, its probate laws made no distinction between a guardianship for a mentally incompetent person and a person rendered incompetent by reason of physical disability or infirmity. Id. at 174. Given this, the court found that it would be “highly improper” for the court to create such a distinction “by judicial fiat.” Id.
¶ 30. The court in Tillman found that when the ward consented to the guardianship, “she waived her constitutional rights to
¶ 31. CitiFinancial cites no case law in support of its position and we find none. We similarly find nothing in our statutes to support CitiFinancial’s position. While our statutes emphasize cooperation between guardian and ward in all types of guardianships, our Legislature has not defined a different set of powers and duties for guardians in voluntary guardianships as opposed to involuntary guardianships. The primary difference between the guardianships is the method by which the guardian is appointed and the competent ward’s ability to choose which powers the guardian will exercise. See, e.g., Bryan, 498 So. 2d at 874 (Boyd, J., dissenting) (“The difference between voluntary and involuntary guardianships is not in the responsibilities or duties of the guardian once appointed, but rather in the process of the appointment of the guardian.”); see also In re Guardianship of Anderson, 78 N.W.2d 788, 791 (Iowa 1956) (finding no basic difference under Iowa law between powers and duties of voluntary and involuntary guardians).
¶ 32. Nor does the plain language of the relevant licensing statutes distinguish between guardians in voluntary or involuntary guardianships. Instead, the statutes refer generally to “guardians” or “fiduciaries,” which include guardians. See 14 V.S.A. §§ 2201, 2881. As stated above, guardians in both types of guardianships derive their powers from the same statute. See id. § 3069; id. § 2671(b)(2) (person seeking voluntary guardianship shall specify which of the powers of the guardian as set forth in § 3069 he or she requests to be exercised by the guardian). In fact, 14 V.S.A. § 3069(c)(5) now explicitly states that a guardian’s power to approve or withhold approval of the sale or encumbrance of a ward’s real property is subject to the licensing requirements
¶ 33. The law governing mortgages by guardians similarly does not limit its application to involuntary guardianship cases. Instead, it applies to any fiduciary who seeks to mortgage his or her ward’s property. See Wright v. Atwood, 195 P. 625, 627 (Idaho 1921) (“The courts quite generally agree that in the absence of [a] statute authorizing such proceedings a guardian has no power to mortgage the ward’s real estate.”). As the Wright court observed, “If the power to mortgage [a] ward’s estate has been given to a guardian, it must be plainly and unequivocally conferred, and it is limited to the purpose expressed in the statute, and must be exercised in the exact manner prescribed therein.” Id. The language of our statutes is plain and their purpose is clear. We must enforce the statutes as written. Rochon v. State, 2004 VT 77, ¶ 8, 177 Vt. 144, 862 A.2d 801; see also Brennan v. Town of Colchester, 169 Vt. 175, 177, 730 A.2d 601, 603 (1999) ("We will not read an implied condition into a statute unless it is necessary in order to make the statute effective.” (emphasis omitted) (quotation omitted)). For these reasons, we conclude that the mortgage deed executed by Ballard is ineffective.
¶ 34. We reach a different conclusion with respect to the promissory note. Although the mortgage deed purportedly executed by Ballard and the promissory note secured by that deed were executed as part of the same overall transaction, the two documents created distinct legal obligations. The promissory note purportedly gave rise to Ballard’s personal liability for repayment of the loan. The mortgage purportedly provided security to CitiFinancial and a means for collecting at least part of the note against the property in the event of a default. Pomfret Farms Ltd. P’ship v. Pomfret Assocs., 174 Vt. 280, 283, 811 A.2d 655, 658 (2002) (“The mortgage and the note are distinct, however, and, while the mortgage does not impose any personal liability on the defendant, a personal obligation is imposed on the underlying note.”); LaFarr v. Scribner, 150 Vt. 159, 161, 549 A.2d 651, 652 (1988) (“Neither the mortgage nor the judgment impose any personal liability on defendants. The only personal obligation of defendants is on the underlying note.”).
¶ 35. The authority specifically granted to Bell by the guardianship order included the power to exercise general supervision
¶ 36. In contrast to Bell’s authority to approve the mortgage, her power within the bounds of her fiduciary obligations to approve contracts that Ballard wished to make was not specifically constrained by any statute requiring court approval. Accordingly, if she “approved” the promissory note signed by Ballard, his execution of that note would have been entirely consistent with the constraints of his guardianship and the note would not be unenforceable on the same basis as the mortgage.
¶ 37. The fact that this particular note was executed at the same time as a mortgage does not change this analysis. If, with Bell’s approval, Ballard had executed an unsecured promissory note to CitiFinancial, nobody would try to argue that the statutes requiring the probate court to approve the sale or mortgage of a ward’s property would have applied to that note. The probate statutes prevent a guardian, without court approval, from pledging the ward’s real property as security for such a note, but do nothing to limit the guardian’s authority to approve the ward’s unsecured borrowing of money. The invalidity of the mortgage does not, in itself, establish the invalidity of the underlying note because the effectiveness of the note, in contrast to the mortgage, is not conditioned on judicial approval.
¶ 38. The dissent is right that the statute does give the probate court the authority to restrict the terms of the underlying note as a condition of its approval of a mortgage. 14 V.S.A. §§ 2201-2202. The court may withhold approval of a mortgage deed if the guardian fails to conform the underlying note to the court’s requirements. But it does not follow that the statute requires probate court approval of a promissory note in its own right, rather than as a condition to the approval of a mortgage deed. The Legislature could reasonably conclude — and apparently has concluded — that guardians are free to borrow money on a ward’s behalf when doing so is in the ward’s best interests,
¶ 39. For these reasons, we conclude that the trial court erred in analyzing the note and mortgage as if they were one and the same, both subject to the requirement of probate court approval. We therefore reverse the award of summary judgment to Ballard on CitiFinancial’s claim on the promissory note and remand to the trial court for further proceedings on this claim.
III.
¶ 40. We recognize that the statutes as currently written lead to potential hardship for both parties in a transaction like this. In the simple act of refinancing a mortgage with a competent mortgagor who, unbeknownst to CitiFinancial, was subject to a voluntary guardianship, the bank potentially lost the security associated with a very substantial loan. On the other hand, the estate of a ward subject to the protection of a guardianship is now subject to a very substantial debt incurred, or at least increased, during the voluntary guardianship.
¶ 41. The former consequence results from the absence of any statute or rule requiring publication notice to protect creditors like CitiFinancial in this case. In the context of spendthrift trusts only, the Legislature has required guardians to put potential creditors on notice by publication that contracts made by the ward
¶ 42. The latter consequence flows from the Legislature’s limitation of the judicial oversight requirement to the execution of a mortgage deed in a case like this. If the Legislature intends to prohibit guardians from approving the execution of promissory notes in cases like this, as the dissent suggests, it can amend the statutes to so provide.
Affirmed in part, and reversed and remanded in part for addition.1 proceedings consistent with this opinion.
The statute was amended in 2008 to specifically provide that the guardian’s power to approve or withhold approval of the sale or encumbrance of a ward’s real property is subject to the real estate licensing provisions, see 2007, No. 186 (Adj. Sess.), § 1, but it is evident that obtaining a license to sell or encumber has been a longstanding requirement. See, e.g., Doty v. Hubbard, 55 Vt. 278, 283 (1882) (“No guardian in this State, except by express authority from the Probate Court, can convey lands owned by his ward, lands held by his ward in trust, or consummate an agreement made by his ward, by conveying land that the ward is under contract binding in law or equity to convey.”). Indeed, a license to sell a ward’s property has been required since 1787, and the law concerning licenses for mortgages and leases of a ward’s real property has been in effect since 1909. See “An Act Providing for, and Ordering, Transient, Idle, Impotent and Poor Persons,” R. 1787, pp. 111, 114 (requiring selectmen or other person to obtain license and authorization from General Assembly to sell house or real property of “idiot, distracted, or impotent person” for the use, relief, and benefit of that person, and stating that “no Selectmen shall sell the land of such idle, mismanaging, or poor person, without the order of the General Assembly”); see also 1908, No. 73, § 1 (original legislation concerning license to mortgage or lease ward’s property, which is essentially the same as current statutory language, with the exception that court may now approve guardian’s request to mortgage or pledge or assign ward’s personalty for purpose of supporting the ward).
If the court finds that the statutory requirements are satisfied, it may order a sale of the ward’s lands or the ward’s interest in such land as it deems necessary. Id. § 2882(4). A copy of the order of sale is recorded in the land records. Id. § 2882(6). The guardian must also make a report concerning the sale, which he or she must file with the probate division. Id. § 2885.
The “settlement statement” provided by CitiFinancial indicates that only $3,224.15 of this amount was disbursed to the borrower, while $96,776.62 was disbursed to others. This latter amount includes $26,942.96 disbursed to CitiFinancial, $2,601.51 to the Town of Hubbardton, and $67,232.15 to an unidentified account.
While not discussed by the trial court, we note that, according to another statute entitled “ward not to be sued,” which is drawn from an 1839 statute, “[a] writ or execution shall not be issued against a ward for a debt while he or she is under guardianship;” although “actions commenced against a person before the appointment of his guardian may be prosecuted to final judgment.” 14 V.S.A. § 2850.
Ballard died while this suit was pending, and in October 2011 Judith Balch, as the special administrator of Ballard’s estate, was substituted as defendant. For convenience sake, we refer to defendant as Ballard or “him.”
As guardian, Bell is subject to judicial oversight of her actions, 14 V.S.A. § 3062(b), and is accountable by bond to the court to account for the property of the guardian’s estate. 14 V.S.A. §§ 2751, 2754.
Finally, CitiFinancial appears to raise an equitable claim in its brief that it did not include in its complaint. It asserts that it relied on Ballard’s and Bell’s acts and representations that Ballard had the authority to encumber the property, and therefore, Ballard must be liable. CitiFinancial provides no legal authority in support of this argument nor does it identify the exact nature of its claim. While it asserted in its opposition to summary judgment that it “relied” on Ballard’s and Bell’s acts and representations, it did not tie these assertions to any particular equitable claim and, as indicated, it raised no equitable claim in its complaint. Putting aside the issue of inadequate briefing, CitiFinancial, having failed to properly raise an equitable claim below, cannot raise such a claim here.
Dissenting Opinion
¶ 43. dissenting. The majority errs in concluding that the probate court need only approve a “mortgage deed” but not the note that gives life to that deed. The law plainly requires court approval for the entire transaction. I would affirm the trial court’s order granting summary judgment to the ward’s estate. I therefore dissent.
¶ 44. As the majority recognizes, any guardian who wishes to mortgage her ward’s property must file a motion with the probate court. The probate court can authorize a mortgage only if it benefits the estate and serves one of five enumerated purposes. 14 V.S.A. § 2201. In its decree, the probate court “shall fix the amount for which the mortgage . . . may be given, the terms thereof and the rate of interest which may be paid thereon.” Id. § 2202 (emphasis added). This language can only refer to a promissory note that accompanies a mortgage deed. The use of the word “shall” means that this is a mandatory, not a discretionary, requirement. See, e.g., State v. Rafuse, 168 Vt. 631, 632, 726 A.2d 18, 19 (1998) (mem.) (“Statutes generally use ‘shall’ as imperative or mandatory language. In its ordinary significance, it is a word of command, and it is inconsistent with a concept of discretion.” (citation omitted)).
¶ 45. The majority simply ignores this language. It construes the word “mortgage” to mean a “mortgage deed,” ante, ¶ 27, but it does not explain how the probate court can set the amount, terms, and interest rate of a deed. The majority emphasizes the different legal obligations associated with a note and a mortgage,
¶ 46. Applying well-established principles of statutory construction, it is evident that the Legislature intended the word “mortgage” to include the loan that accompanies the conveyance of a mortgage deed. See In re Margaret Susan P., 169 Vt. 252, 262, 733 A.2d 38, 46 (1999) (stating that, in interpreting a statute, Court must consider it “as a whole, looking to the reason and spirit of the law and its consequences and effects to reach a fair and rational result”). This interpretation recognizes the interrelated nature of these two instruments. See, e.g., Island Pond Nat’l Bank v. Lacroix, 104 Vt. 282, 294, 158 A. 684, 690 (1932) (explaining that when a mortgage is used to secure payment of a debt, “the debt is the principal thing, and the mortgage is an incident of it which accompanies and follows the debt wherever that may be assigned”); Huntington v. McCarty, 174 Vt. 69, 71, 807 A.2d 950, 952 (2002) (when note and mortgage are made at same time, and in relation to same subject, they are to be construed together as if they were parts of same instrument). It gives meaning to all of the statutory language. See, e.g., State v. Ben-Mont Corp., 163 Vt. 53, 57, 652 A.2d 1004, 1007 (1994) (“Our interpretation must ... if possible, give meaning and effect to all the statutory language.”). It carries out the purpose of the statute. And it is consistent with a dictionary definition of the term “mortgage.” See Black’s Law Dictionary 1031 (8th ed. 2004) (defining “mortgage” to include “a deed or contract . . . specifying the terms” of a conveyance of title to property that is given as security for payment of debt, and also, “[l]oosely, the loan on which such a transaction is based”). Indeed, it applies the meaning of the term “mortgage” used in common parlance. When people talk about paying their “mortgage,” they are referring to the loan that gave rise to a mortgage deed, not the mortgage deed itself.
¶ 47. The whole point of taking out a mortgage is to borrow money for the ward’s benefit. Thus, in filing a motion to mortgage
¶48. The majority reasons that, because no one would suggest that the licensing law applied to an unsecured promissory note, the law must not apply to promissory notes generally. Ante, ¶ 36. This case is not about a guardian’s general authority to execute promissory notes on behalf of a ward, however. Instead, this case involves a very specific type of borrowing — the borrowing of money using the ward’s real estate as security. The Legislature has clearly limited a guardian’s ability to engage in such transactions. Whatever general authority guardians have to borrow money for their wards, it is a basic principle of statutory construction that “[a] more specific statutory provision will prevail according to its terms over a more general statutory provision.” Rafuse, 168 Vt. at 632, 726 A.2d at 19.
¶ 49. In short, we need not wait for the Legislature to amend the laws to prohibit guardians from unilaterally executing “mortgage loans” on behalf of their wards. The Legislature has already spoken and expressly prohibited such transactions. It has given the probate court, not the guardian or the lender, the power to determine how much money may be borrowed against the ward’s estate and at what rate. The law was not followed here.
¶ 50. I would affirm the trial court’s decision. I am authorized to state that Justice Burgess joins this dissent.