101 F. 623 | 6th Cir. | 1900
after stating the facts as above, delivered the opinion of tbe court.
Error is assigned by appellant upon tbe action of tbe court below in i)erinit1iug the filing of certain amended petitions, but, as these were matters entirely within the sound discretion of the trial court, the authorities are uniform to the effect that such action is not reviewable upon appeal. This rule ajadles quite as forcefully to tbe amended petition permitted to be filed at or near the final hearing of the case as to the others. Corrections and amendments of pleadings are liberally allowed in order to subserve the ends of justice, and to secure a thorough presentation of the claim or defense, so that its merits may be' fully disclosed. There was therefore no reviewable error in the action of the circuit court, in this respect.
After the judgment in the court below the appellant’s counsel presented a petition for a rehearing, which was denied, and error is also assigned upon that action of the court. We need not do more than say that the cases all agree that the action of the trial court, upon petitions of this character and upon motions for new trials, is not assignable for error. They are matters of discretion entirely. It is unnecessary to cite authorities upon this point.
Nor do we think that the Kentucky statute of limitations bars tbe claim of the petitioner. The claim arose when the injury occurred, on March 26, 1893. The original petition was filed September 18, 1893, much less than the required one year after the injury. The second amended petition was filed on December 26, 1895, a former one not appearing in tbe record, and the third was, by express leave of the court, filed on April 25, 3899. Tbe last amendment was possibly designed rather to make tbe pleadings conform to the proof than for any other purpose. It may be, and doubtless is, true that, when an amended petition sets up an entirely new and distinct cause-of action, time, under the statute, will not cease to run until the date of filing it. Cecil v. Sowards, 10 Bush, 96; Leatherman v. Times Co., 88 Ky. 292, 11 S. W. 12. But this rule by no means applies to a case such as we have before us, in which the original and real cause of action, namely, the negligence by which Gray was injured, was never departed from nor abandoned. The plaintiff only restated the circumstances of the' injury as the investigation appeared to develop them; but these were tbe particulars, tbe details merely, of tbe substantive claim, stated in general terms, that the injury to Gray was due to the inculpating negligence of the receiver.
The action itself, to recover damages for that negligence and its results, was the principal thing, whatever may have been the details incident thereto, and was commenced within one year, and was not barred by the statute of limitations by reason of tbe supplying, by amendment, of any omission, or by correcting any error in the original statement of the petitioner’s claim that her intestate was injured by the receiver’s negligence, whether the details of its happening were one way or another. For the injuries complained of the suit was, without any objection to its form, instituted before the master in the way already mentioned, and, although the means and manner of tbe
It was insisted in the circuit court, as it is here, that Cook was not a fellow servant of Gray, but a vice principal, and that his negligence in running the train through the switch when it was open, and his failure to accurately instruct the employés of the receiver as to the limitations upon its use, were not the negligent acts merely of a fellow servant in the same employment with the decedent, but were those of the master himself, in whose employ as vice principal it was claimed Cook in these respects stood. We cannot accept this view, but agree with the learned circu i t judge in his opinion that 'Cook was the fellow servant of Gray, and that no liability arose out of what he did at the time of the accident nor previously in reference to the switch. This com elusion seems unavoidable upon the authority of many cases. Among them we need only cite Railroad Co. v. Peterson, 162 U. S. 346, 16 Sup. Ct. 843, 40 L. Ed. 944; Railroad Co. v. Baugh, 149 U. S. 369, 13 Sup. Ct. 914, 37 L. Ed. 772; Same v. Camp, 31 U. S. App. 236, 13 C. C. A. 233, 65 Fed. 952.
In accepting a voluntary employment, a servant, as is well understood, assumes all the ordinary and obvious risks of such employment, including those arising from the negligence of his fellow servants; but, in the view we take of the facts of this case, our decision must rest upon another phase of it. As we have seen, the form of switch, which is called automatic, while long, successfully, and safely used by other roads, had been in use in the yards of this railroad, when Gray was injured, only two or three days, and it is not shown that he personally had any previous knowledge of the workings or operations of such a switch, particularly in so far as they differed from the old one, which it had replaced. Ko instructions had been given by the receiver explaining the uses of this new appliance; nor had any notice been given of the possible dangers of its use under certain altogether probable circumstances; nor had any regulations whatever been promulgated respecting its operations, although in some important respects they were very different from those of the old one. True, the switch cannot be regarded as dangerous per se, but certainly there were conditions upon which it might become most daflgerous, and these were unknown to Gray. They existed, but he Atas not notified of it. Though possibly unfortunately called an “automatic switch,” it was not intended to do its own work, but was intended always to be set by hand, though its automatic féature was expected to be a useful safeguard in any time of emergency due to a negligent or accidental omission to set it by hand. In this sense, and in this sense only, it was an emergency switch. It is not shown that Gray had notice of these facts. On the contrary, the little information he had about the operations of the switch tended rather to show him that it was a labor-saving device, which was designed to avoid the work of setting it by hand,
It is true that the general purpose and operations of an ordinary railroad switch were perfectly understood by Gray, and that if there had been nothing more in (his case than the act of a fellow servant in running' a train through a switch, known and seen to be open, there would not be the slightest right to recover for the injury inflicted in that way. But here there was a new kind of switch, very recently put in. The methods of its operation, particularly wherein they differed from those of the former switch, had not been explained to Gray, and were not obvious. The name “automatic” possibly, and even probably, carried an idea which gave weight to the general yard master's statement to the employés that the new switch would work itself, though, in fact, the receiver never intended that it should be operated in that manner. Ao notice was given that put the employés generally, or Gray especially, in possession of the fact that the switch, while automatic in name, did not operate, and was not intended to operate, of itself, nor otherwise than in such maimer as required it always to be set by hand; nor had there been made or published any general regulations upon the subject for the guidance of the servants who were to use the new switch. Tt is by no means certain that the name or description of the new switch as “automatic” was not so far misleading and dangerous as to give stress to the necessity for notice and instruction.
Upon the facts shown, we think it is not difficult to deduce from the authorities the rules which fix the duties of the master in cases like this, and determine the tests of his responsibilities to his servants. The considerations which demand that the master shall furnish for his employés reasonably safe appliances for doing the work imposed upon them necessarily reach 1o and include the requirement that when new, and, so far as they differ and as far as the particular work is concerned, unknown and untried, appliances are substituted for old ones, he shall give full and plain instructions to employes as to the parts of such appliances which are new in operation, in order that a servant may have a fair opportunity, before incurring danger, to understand the difference which might, if unknown, produce it. This obligation on the master is equally as strong when appliances are put in which differ only in some respects from old ones for which they are substituted as it is when there is the beginning of a work or when appliances are more radically or even entirely changed. And, indeed, this duty of the employer is emphasized when ignorance of the points of novelty, either of design or of operation, in the substituted appliance may, as here, involve the most serious consequence^ affecting the safety and lives of the servants. The obvious fact is that if instruction or notice of the exact situation, in respect to the new switch and its operations, had been given in this case, the accident would mot have occurred, a t least in the way it did. This illustrates the extreme importance of the duty of the master in regard to making known the difference between the workings of the new and the old machinery, especially where tha t difference is the one which, if unknown, might bring about dangerous conditions or consequences. The servant in such cases is entitled to
In speaking of the general rule that the master is exempt from liability to one servant for injuries caused by the negligence of a fellow servant in the same employment, and of certain exceptions thereto, the supreme court, in the case of Hough v. Railroad Co., 100 U. S. 217, 25 L. Ed. 615, said:
“One,, and perhaps the most important, of those exceptions arises from the obligation of the master, whether a natural person or a corporate body, not to expose the servant, when, conducting the master’s business, to perils or hazards against which he may be guarded by proper diligence upon the part of the master. To that end the master is bound to observe all the care which prudence and the exigencies of the situation require in providing the servant with machinery or other instrumentalities adequately safe for use by the latter. It is implied in the contract between the parties that the servant risks the dangers which ordinarily attend or are incident to the business in which he voluntarily engages for compensation, among which is the carelessness of those, at least, in the same work or employment, with whose habits, conduct, and capacity he has, in the course of his duties, an opportunity to become acquainted, and against whose neglect or ineompeteney he may hiinself take such precautions as his inclination or judgment may suggest. But it is equally implied in the same contract that the master shall supply the physical means and agencies for the conduct of his business. It is also implied, and public policy requires, that in selecting such means he shall not be wanting in proper care. His negligence in that regard is not a hazard usually or necessarily attendant upon the business. Nor is it one which the servant, in legal contemplation, is presumed to risk; for the obvious reason that the servant who is to use the instrumentalities provided by the master has, ordinarily, no connection with their purchase in the first instance, or with their preservation or maintenance in suitable condition after they have been supplied by the master.”
In the case of Mather v. Rillston, 156 U. S. 399, 15 Sup. Ct. 467, 39 L. Ed. 470, where the circumstances were such as to call for strong and emphatic language, the court said:
“Indeed, we think it may be laid down as a legal principle that in all occupations which are attended with great and unusual danger there must be used all appliances, readily attainable, known to science for the prevention of accidents, and that the neglect to provide such readily attainable appliances will be regarded as proof of culpable negligence. If an occupation attended with danger can be prosecuted by proper precautions without fatal results, such precautions must be taken by the promoters of the pursuit or employers of laborers thereon. Liability for injuries following a disregard of such precautions will otherwise be incurred, and this fact should not be lost sight of. So, too, if persons engaged in dangerous occupations are not informed of the accompanying dangers by the promoters thereof, or by the employers of laborers thereon, and such laborers remain in ignorance of the dangers and suffer in consequence, the employers will, also be chargeable for the injuries sustained. Both of these positions should be borne constantly in mind by those who engage laborers or agents in dangerous occupations, and by the laborers themselves as reminders of the duty owing to them. These two conditions of liability of parties employing laborers in hazardous occupations are of the highest ' portance, and should be in all cases strictly enforced. Further than this, it is plain from what has already been stated that the plaintiff knew nothing of the special dangers attending his work, or that he was at all informed by the defendants on the subject. His testimony is positive on this point, and is not contradicted by any one. With that fact shown, there was no ground for any charge of contributory negligence on his part.”
In the case of Railroad Co. v. Herbert, 116 U. S., at page 648, 6 Sup. Ct. 593, 29 L. Ed. 758, in speaking of the correlative duties and rights of master and servant in regard to machinery, appliances, etc., the supreme court in one sentence epitomizes a phase of the subject: in this language: “His [the servant’s] contract implies that in regard to these matters his employer will make adequate provision that no danger shall ensue to him.” Doubtless the dangers alluded to were unnecessary or unknown dangers, but this statement from the court’s opinion gives a clear idea of the master’s duty in the case before us. The master should have taken adequate measures to make known the dangers which persons ignorant of the workings of the new switch might incur by its use.
Many other cases from the supreme court might be referred to illustrative of the general principles we are discussing, but we will only name that of Railway Co. v. Archibald, 170 U. S. 669, 18 Sup. Ct. 777, 42 L. Ed. 1188, and that of Railway Co. v. Ross, 112 U. S. 377, 5 Sup. Ct. 184, 28 L. Ed. 787, where, on page 382, 112 U. S., page 186, 5 Sup. Ct., and page 790, 28 L. Ed., the court, after alluding to the arguments by which the doctrine that the servant assumes the known and ordinary risks of his employment are supported, said:
“But, however this may be, it is indispensable to the employer’s exemption from liability to his servant for the consequences of risks thus incurred that he should himself be free from negligence, lie must: furnish the servant the means and appliances which the service requires for its efficient and safe performance, unless otherwise stipulated; and if he fail in that respect, and an injury result, he is as liable to the servant as he would be to a stranger. In other words, while claiming such exemption, he must not himself be guilty of contributory negligence.”
In 1 Shear. & R. Neg. (5th Ed.) § 202, the authors say: '
“A master who employs servants in a dangerous and complicated business is personally bound to prescribe rules sufficient for its orderly and safe management, and to keep his servants informed of these rules, so far as may be needful for their guidance.”
And they amplify the principles applicable to this case in section 203 in the following language:
“It is also the personal duty of the master, so far as he can, by the nse of ordinary care, to avoid, exposing his servants to extraordinary risks which they could not reasonably anticipate, although he is not bound to guaranty them against such risks, nor to guard against an accident which is not at all ■likely to happen. The master- must therefore give warning to his servants ol*630 all perils to which they -will be exposed, of which he is or ought to be aware, other than such as they should, in the exercise of ordinary care, have foreseen as necessarily incidental to the business in the matter and ordinary course of affairs, though more than this is not required of him. It makes no difference what is the nature of the peculiar peril, or whether it is or is not beyond the master’s control. And it is not enough for the master to use care and pains to give such notice. He must see that it is actually given. If, therefore, he fails to give such warning, in terms sufficiently clear to call the attention of his servants to a peril of which he is or ought to be aware, he is liable to them for any injury which they suffer thereby without contributory negligence. Such notice must be timely; that is, given in sufficient time to enable the servant to profit by it. It is therefore the duty of the master to give adequate and timely warnings of changes in the situation involving new dangers.”
The last proposition announced in the paragraph just quoted is supported by several cases, such as Railroad Co. v. Kerr, 148 Ill. 605, 35 N. E. 1117; Donahoe v. Railroad Co., 153 Mass. 356, 26 N. E. 868; Stephenson v. Ravenscroft, 25 Neb. 678, 41 N. W. 652; Milling Co. v. Sharp, 5 Colo. App. 321, 38 Pac. 850. Elliott, in his work on Railroads (volume 3, §§ 1268,1272, 1273), lays down the recognized general propositions in regard to the duty of the master to furnish safe appliances and safe places for the servant to work in, but we do not deem it necessary to cite other authorities.
We conclude that while the railroad track in the yard at Somerset, and even the new switch itself, were in good physical condition, and while it is shown that the receiver used at least ordinary care to have them so, still that the existence of the latent dangers connected with the operation, by ignorant persons, of the new form of switch just put in, must have been known to the receiver, and that such information must have been acquired by him, when he was purchasing the switch and preparing to put it in use in the yartd. At all events, that he must be charged with having such information we cannot doubt. If this is true, it follows that it was his duty to give notice of those dangers to Gray by explanation in some form, or by rules or regulations brought to his attention. There does not seem to have been anything of this kind done. If notice in any form of the exact fads had come to Gray before he went upon the train, his going would then have been at his own risk, and his not signaling the engineer to stop the train when he saw that the switch was open would then have been his own folly; Not to have endeavored to stop the train under such circumstances, and if he had known of the danger arising from the switch being open, would have been suicidal; but not to have made an effort to have the engineer stop, under the actual facts as disclosed by the evidence, shows the utter ignorance of Gray of the danger about which the master should have seen that he was accurately informed.
The general and correct propositions of law that an employer does not insure the safety of his employé; that if the latter knows of risks, and voluntarily subjects himself to them, the master is not liable for the injury thereby incurred; and that, generally, all that is required of the master is to provide reasonably safe appliances for the use of his employés in their work, and reasonably safe places for them to work in, — are in no wise questioned. The sole ground upon which we rest our judgment upon this case is that there was a latent and unapparent, but a very certain and material, danger to uninformed employés, ac
On Petition for Rehearing.
(June 11, 1900.)
In an elaborate petition the court has been asked by the appellant to rehear this case, mainly upon the ground that the statute of limitations barred the remedy of the appellee. In support of this contention he relies chiefiy upon the opinion of the supreme court in the case of Railway Co. v. Wyler, 158 U. S. 285, 15 Sup. Ct. 877, 39 L. Ed. 983. This question had already received the careful consideration of the court, and there is nothing in the opinion referred to which makes it necessary for us to change our judgment. In that action against the railway company for damages, the plaintiff! based his claim upon the general law of master and servant and his rights thereunder. During the progress of the suit an amended petition was filed, by which a cause of action was set up growing out of the same facts, but based upon the rights and liabilities created and existing under a statute of the state of Kansas. The statute which supported the claim made in the amended petition had created a cause of action entirely different from the one arising at common law, set up on the original petition. The court, upon that ground alone, held that there was a departure, and that the plea of the statute of limitations would therefore prevent the relief sought by the amended petition. To the case before us that ruling cannot apply, because, if for no other reason, there was no departure. The principle upon which this case must turn is very different. In Railroad Co. v. Cox, 145 U. S. 593, 12 Sup. Ct. 905, 36 L. Ed. 829, the original petition claimed, as appears from the record, that the injury resulted “because of the defective condition of the cross-ties and of the roadbed, through the negligence of the receivers.” In the amended petition it was averred that (<Oox, in coupling the cars, as it ■was his duty to do, was injured on account of the drawhead and coupling pin'not being suitable for the purposes for which they were to be used, he being ignorant thereof, and of the defective condition of the track.” The statute of limitations being pleaded to the amendment, ihe court adjudged that it did not apply. The facts in the case before us do not seem to differ in any material respect from those in the Case of Cox, just referred to, so far as our decision must depend upon them. Here, as in the Cox Case, the original petition specified certain acts of negligence. The amended petition specified certain others
- The Kentucky practice is quite as instructive and controlling. In Greer v. Railroad Co., 94 Ky. 169, 21 S. W. 649, the only negligence alleged in the original petition related to the act of driving or operating 'the train. Ah amended petition was tendered, setting up as additional acts of negligence that the guard rail and coupling pin were defective. The inferior court refused to permit the filing of this amendment, which action of the court, under the Kentucky practice, was reviewable. The court of appeals held that it was error to refuse permission to file the amendment, upon the ground that the proposed' amendment was not a departure, inasmuch as the cause of action wau not changed, and as the alleged acts of negligence may all have concurred to cause the injury.
In Smith v. Railway Co., 5 C. C. A. 557, 56 Fed. 458, it was held by the circuit court of appeals of the Eighth circuit that:
“Where, in an action against a railroad company for causing the death1 of an employé, the original petition proceeds entirely on the ground of the company’s negligence in employing an engineer of known incompetence, an amendment which alleges that the engineer was negligent, and that he and the deceased were not fellow servants, docs not introduce a new cause of action, hut is only an amplification of the original one, and is a proper amendment.”
The circuit court of appeals for the Fifth circuit, in Cross v. Evans, 29 C. C. A. 523, 86 Fed. 6, distinctly held that the assignment of additional specifications of negligence in an amended petition does not create a new cause of action, so as to let in the plea of limitations. Under section 134 of the Kentucky Civil Code of Practice amendments are most liberally allowed to promote the ends of justice, and we adhere to the view, already expressed, that the amended petitions filed in the case were but amplifications of the one cause of action.
It is not necessary to notice specifically the other grounds upon which the rehearing is asked. The petition is dismissed.
