By the Court, Savage,
Ch. J.
The pleadings all concede, what could not be denied, that delivery is essential to the validity of a deed. The questions are, what facts are necessary to constitute a delivery. As was said by the court in Jackson v. Richards, 6 Cowen, 617, 18, it is essential to the validity of a deed, that it should be delivered by the grantor and accepted by the grantee. A deed takes effect only from its delivery ; and there can be no delivery without acceptance, either express or implied. They are necessarily simultaneous and correlative acts. Nee also 2 Wendell, 317. The pleas do not state the delivery. In the case cited, it was said that in pleading it was not necessary in terms to aver either the sealing or delivery ,of a deed : they are both implied in the term deed or writing obligatory ; but this is merely a rule of *659pleading, and does not decide what facts shall be evidence of A J sealing or delivery. The fact of delivery may be controverted by evidence, and also by pleading. Hence the plaintiff, in answer to all three of the pleas now under consideration, simply denies the delivery ; and to this denial, the defendant has rejoined in three different modes. The questions are distinct under each plea; and for the purpose of considering them separately, I will state them distinctly. The fourth plea avers title in the state of Connecticut, on the 10th of April, 1835; and that on that day, the state, by its authorized agent, Isaac Spencer, did grant, sell, bargain and confirm the premises to the defendant, his heirs and "assigns. Upon the replication interposing the fact of non-delivery, the rejoinder states the facts at large, to wit, that on the 3d October, 1834, the defendant was entitled to a deed, having fully paid the consideration ; that he employed Levi Ward, of Rochester, to procure the deed from the state of Connecticut; that Ward prepared the deed, and sent it to the agent of the state to be executed ; that the agent signed, sealed and acknowledged the deed, and delivered it to Seth P. Beers, as Ms (saifSpencei',s)deed, to be transmitted to Ward for the defendant. The fifth plea and replication are substantially like the fourth. The rejoinder, however, is different: it states, like the preceding, that the deed was signed, sealed and acknowledged by the agent of the state, and was delivered to Beers as the deed of the state of Connecticut to the defendant,nnd that on thelSth April, 1835, it was directed at Hartford by Beers to Ward at Rochester, for personal delivery to the defendant. The seventh plea states that the defendant was entitled to a deed from the state of Connecticut; that the state, by Spencer, who was fully authorized, did by deed give, grant, &c. the premises to the defendant; and as to the delivery, the rejoinder avers that before the commencement of the suit, to wit, on the 20th day of May, 1835, the deed was delivered to the defendant. There are therefore three distinct questions presented, but all upon the point of delivery : 1. Whether a delivery of the deed to a stranger,ns the deed of the agent, is a valid delivery. 2.Wheth-er a like delivery of the deed to a stranger, by the agent, as the deed of the principal, is a valid delivery. 3. Whether a *660deed dated the IOth April, 1835, and delivered to the defendant on 20th May, 1835, two days before the defendant conveyed to the plaintiff, justified such conveyance. This is the question upon the record ; but it has been argued by counsel, as if the delivery to the defendant was subsequent to the conveyance by the defendant to the plaintiff, but before the commencement of this suit.
The delivery may be made to a stranger. Thé Touchstone is referred to as authority by most of the cases to be found on this subject. It is there said, 1 Touch. 57, 58, that delivery is essential to the validity of a deed; that the delivery may be made by the party himself, or any other by his appointment. So the delivery may be made to the party himself to whom it is made, or to any other authorized to receive it ■ “ or it may be delivered to any stranger, for and in the behalf, and to the use of him to whom it is made, without authority ; but if it be delivered to any stranger without any such declation, intention or intimation, unless it be in case where it is delivered as an escrow, it seems there is not a sufficient delivery.” In Jackson v.Phipps,12 Johns.R.421,Mr. Justice Spencer quotes the above doctriue from theTouchstone with approbation. He reiterates the point decided in Jackson v.Dunlap, 1 Johns. Cas. 114, that it is essential to a deed that a grantee assent to receive it.; that there can be no delivery without acceptance, and that it would be absurd to hold that a thing was delivered where there was no person to receive. In that case, the deed had1 been executed and acknowledged, and left in the clerk’s office for recording ; but neither the grantee, nor any person on his behalf, was present to receive it, and therefore it was held to be inoperative. In the case of Verplank v. Sterry, 12 Johns.R.550, the same point was presented and discussed by the same learned judge. The facts were however different: a trust deed, by way of a family settlement, had been delivered to the cestui que trust, and by her after-wards returned to the grantor for safe keeping, and while the deed was so in his possession, he conveyed the same premises to a bona fide purchaser. The subject of the delivery necessary to consúmate a deed was again discussed, and it was remarked that a deed is available if delivered to the party *661grantee,or even to a stranger without special authority, if intended for the use of the grantee. The point became important in that case, as the delivery to the cestui que trust was unconditional,and a subsequent delivery to the trustee was conditional; which condition the learned judge held tó be inoperative and void, because the deed had become effectual by the first delivery. This delivery was not strictly to a stranger, but to a person not a party, nor taking any legal estate under the deed. In Jackson v. Bodle, 20 Johns.R. 187, the same point of the necessity of acceptance was presented to the court, and Spencer, C. J. says, “ It is necessary to the validity of a deed, that there be a grantee willing to accept it. It is a contract, a parting with the property by the grantor, and ah acceptance thereof by the grantee. An acceptance will be presumed from the beneficial nature of the transaction, where the grant is not absolute. The presumption is not so strong that the grantee accepts the deed, where he derives no benefit under it, but is subjected to a duty or the performance of a trust.’’ If an acceptance will be presumed, where the deed is not absolute, because the transaction is not beneficial to the grantee, surely such presumption will prevail where the deed is absolute, and on its face beneficial to the grantee. Much more will an acceptance be presumed, where it appears by proper averments, that the grantee was entitled to the deed, having paid the consideration : where the deed had been prepared and forwarded for execution by the grantee or his attorney, and had been executed upon his solicitation Although, therefore, there is no case in this court where the facts called for the decision of the precise point, that a delivery to a stranger for the use of the grantee is a good delivery, yet the doctrine of the Touchstone has been quoted to that effect with approbation, whenever the subject of delivery has been before the court.
In Connecticut the very point has been decided in Beldenv. Carter, 4 Day, 66. The action was ejectment by the plaintiffs, as heirs at law of Hogaboom. The defendants claimed by deed from Hogaboom to defendant’s wife when sole. After the grantor had signed and acknowledged the deed, he addressed E. Wright, Esq. and said : “ Take these deeds and *662keep them ; if I never call for them, deliver over one to Pamela (defendant’s wife) and the other to Noble, after my death. If I call for them, deliver them up to me.” W. received the deeds, H. never called for them ; after his death they were delivered according to his directions. Pamela was not present, and never conversed with W. on the subject. These deeds were executed at the same time when H. made his will. The court said, the reservation to countermand made no difference ; it was in the nature of a testamentary disposition of real estate, and was revocable without an express reservation. The case therefore stood as if there had been no reservation. “It was a delivery of a writing as a deed, to the use of the grantee, to take effect at the death of the grantor, deposited in the hands of a third person, to hold till that event happened, and then to deliver it to the grantee. The legal operation of this delivery is, that it became the deed of the grantor presently ; that Wright held it as trustee for the use of the grantee ; that the title became consummate in the grantee by the death of the grantor, and that the deed took effect, by relation, from the time of the first delivery.” The case of Wheelwright v. Wheelwright, 2 Mass. R. 447, was one which called for the decision of the same point. That was an action in' partition, in which the petitioners claimed by deeds from Samuel Wheelwright, from whom also the defendants claimed, under his will. There Joseph, one of the petitioners, requested the witness to draw the deeds ; Samuel called upon witness and executed them, and delivered them for the use of the grantees, to be delivered after the death of the grantor. Chief Justice Parsons, in discussing this point, says, “If a grantor deliver any writing, as his deed, to a third person, to be delivered over by him to the grantee on some future event, it is the grantor’s deed presently, and the third person is the trustee of it for the grantee. The fact that the deed in this case was delivered to Mr. Beers, to be forwarded immediately to the grantee, makes this case stronger than where the deed was to be delivered over upon some future event.” The case of Hatch v. Hatch, 9 Mass.R. 307, was very similar to Wheelwright v. Wheelwright, except that in this case the petitioners were heirs at law, and the defendants claimed under deeds ex*663ecuted about four years before the death of the grantor, in the absence of the grantees, and delivered by the grantor to J. Turner, Esq. to be delivered to the grantees if they survived him. Sewall, justice, adopts the previous case as settling the law. These cases are cited and approved by this court, in Ruggles v. Lawson, 13 Johns. R. 285, which was somewhat similar, and the court say the deed takes effect from the first delivery. The case of Maynard v. Maynard, 10 Mass. R. 456, shows the necessity of an absolute delivery to give validity to a deed executed under such circumstances. In this case the deed was executed with the usual formalities, and recorded, and the grantor requested the witness to keep the deed until it was called for. The grantee knew nothing about these transactions. After the death of the grantee, the grantor called for the deed, took and cancelled it. The court said, it was clear that there was no delivery of the deed so as to pass the estate; it was the intention of the grantor to keep control over the deed until fully determined whether ultimately to pass the estate to the grantee. The court say the title never passed. The only reason why it did not pass was, that the deed was not delivered as the deed of the grantor, for the use of the grantee. These cases are full to the point; they were in the nature of testamentary dispositions, but not, on that account, to be the less regarded as authority. If deeds thus delivered aré valid against the heir or devisee, they are surely good against the grantor who has received a valuable consideration. The question in both cases is, whether the grantor has divested himself of the estate; if he has, that estate vests in the grantee ; and whether he has so divested himself or not, depends on the delivery. If the delivery is absolutely as his, the grantor’s, deed, to the stranger for the use of the grantee, the delivery is good; but if it be delivered to the stranger subject to the future control of the grantor, no estate passes. Where the delivery is absolute, the assent of the grantee is presumed from the fact that the conveyance is beneficial to him. In this case it is not necessary to presume assent, for it is alleged that the deed was drawn by the defendant’s agent, and executed at his solicitation. It appears to me, therefore, that the delivery of the deed of the state of Connecticut to Mr. *664Beers, as the deed of the state for the use of the grantee, the defendant, was a good and valid delivery. It is very well set-tied, however, that an attorney must execute a deed in the name of his principal. The act must be the act and deed of the principal, though done by the attorney. So the delivery must be as and for the deed of the principal, not of the attorney. The rejoinder to the replication to the fourth plea is in that respect bad. ' ,
The reasons and authorities referred to under the first question show that although the delivery of the deed, as the deed of Spencer, was bad; yet its delivery as the deed of the state of Connecticut, for the use of the defendant, the grantee, was a valid and effectual delivery. The deed became the deed of the state presently ; and the title vested in the grantee as-'of the day of such delivery. Of course the defendant was seized on the 22d May, when he conveyed to the plaintiff. ' It follows that the rejoinder to the replication to the fifth plea is good ; and for the same reasons, and indeed, independent of these considerations, that the rejoinder to the replication to the seventh plea is good in substance, provided the facts are well pleaded. The replication denies the delivery ; the rejoinder affirms it to have been made" to the defendant before the commencement of the suit, to wit, on the 20th May, 1835, which was in fact two days before the conveyance of the defendant to the plaintiff. Had the averment been that it was delivered before the execution of the deed to the plaintiff, it would have been perfect; but as pleaded with a videlicet, the defendant would not be bound to prove the delivery on the 20th May, 1835. Showing the delivery any day before the commencement of the suit would be sufficient to sustain it. A question, however, still arises, whether the delivery of the deed to the defendant at any time before the commencement of this suit, is not a bar to the action. I think it is ; but a majority of the court think otherwise; my brethren are of opinion that the covenant of seizin being broken at the moment it was executed, the plaintiff is entitled to recover damages for the breach,although such damages may be merely nominal. My opinion is that the plaintiff’s title being perfect, before he commenced his suit, he had no cause of action, although such *665cause might have existed before the delivery of the deed from the state of Connecticut to the defendant. Having thus examined" these pleadings upon the merits, and ascertained that the right of the case is with the defendant, it is not without regret and reluctance, that it becomes necessary to decide the whole of the demurrers against the defendant, upon a point of form. The rejoinders are all argumentative. The defendant has pleaded the evidence of the fact of delivery, instead of the fact itself, and for that cause the rejoinders are bad. The result is, that the rejoinders are bad in form, for the cause last mentioned ; that the rejoinders to the replications to the 4th and 7th pleas are also bad in substance ; but the rejoinder to the replication to the 5th plea is good in substance, though bad in form. There must be judgment for the plaintiff on alj the demurrers, with leave to the defendant to amend, on payment of costs.
Judgment accordingly.