483 S.E.2d 498
Va. Ct. App.
1997

Lead Opinion

*504ANNUNZIATA, Judge.

Mother appeals from an order of the circuit court granting father’s motion to dismiss her petition for child support. The court concluded that father owed no obligation of suppоrt because the court had previously terminated his parental rights with respect to the child. We find the court’s order terminating father’s parental rights is void for want of jurisdiction and, therefore, rеverse the court’s order dismissing mother’s petition for child support.

I.

Maury Curtis Church (father) and Tracy Ann Church (mother) were divorced by final decree entered October 10, 1989. Independent of the parties’ admissions, the court found that the parties’ child “ha[d] been abandoned by his father; [and] that it [wa]s in the best interest of the ... child to terminate [father’s] residual parental rights.” The court noted the parties had agreed that “it [wa]s in the best interest of their ... child ... to terminate the residual parental rights of the father.” Thus, as part of the final decree, the court terminated father’s residual parental rights, acting pursuant to former Code § 16.1-279(A).1 The decree also eliminated father’s obligation to provide child support and noted that mother “agreed to renounce any claim she may have for delinquent child support from [father].”

In July 1995, mother filed a petition for child support. She acknowledged that the 1989 decree terminated father’s obligation to support the child but argued that the child’s best interests required a support order. Father filed a motion to dismiss, arguing that the 1989 decree barred the relief wife *505sought and that the time for seeking relief from that dеcree had expired. The court granted father’s motion, finding that it had jurisdiction to terminate father’s parental rights pursuant to Code §§ 16.1 — 241 (A)(5) and 16.1-244.2

II.

Mother failed to perfect a timely appеal from the October 1989 decree terminating father’s residual parental rights. Therefore, to have that decree set aside, mother must establish that it is void. Rook v. Rook, 233 Va. 92, 95, 353 S.E.2d 756, 758 (1987). A judgment entered by a court that doеs not have jurisdiction over the subject matter is void. Id. Although the parties agreed to the termination of father’s parental rights, together with ‍​‌‌​​​​​‌‌‌‌​​​​‌‌​‌‌‌​​‌​​‌‌​​​‌‌‌​​​​​‌‌​​​‌​​‍his support obligation, jurisdiction cannot be establishеd by the parties’ consent. Lucas v. Biller, 204 Va. 309, 313, 130 S.E.2d 582, 585 (1963).

A court possesses only such jurisdictional powers as are directly, or indirectly, expressly or by implication, conferred on it by the constitution or legislation of the sovereignty on behalf of which it functions.

20 Am.Jur.2d Courts § 58 (1995); see also Thacker v. Hubard, 122 Va. 379, 94 S.E. 929 (1918).

Jurisdiction to terminate parental rights can be found neither in the common law nor in a court’s inherent authority to proceed under its general equity powers. Willis *506v. Gamez, 20 Va.App. 75, 81-82, 455 S.E.2d 274, 277-78 (1995) (“ ‘there was [no] legal authority under the common law ... for a total relinquishment of parental rights and obligations or any inherent authority in any court to terminate them’ ”) (quoting Carroll County Dept. of Social Servs. v. Edelmann, 320 Md. 150, 577 A.2d 14, 25 (1990)).3 Accordingly, jurisdiction of the circuit courts to terminate parental rights must be found, if at all, within the statutory scheme. Id. at 81-83, 455 S.E.2d at 277-78.

Under Virginia’s statutory scheme, the circumstances providing authority for the termination of parental rights, and the attendant obligation of support, are limited. While Title 16.1 of the Virginia Code provides for the termination of parental rights, the reliance on it by the husband and the trial court is misplаced. Title 16.1, denominated, “Courts Not of Record,” is manifestly limited to addressing only the power of the J & DR courts; Code § 16.1-241, entitled, “Jurisdiction,” cannot be relied upon to confer original jurisdiction оn the circuit courts.4

*507The legislature’s reference in Code § 16.1 — 241(A)(5) to concurrent jurisdiction, upon which the circuit court relied in granting father’s motion to dismiss, does not constitute a grant of jurisdiction to the chancery courts.5 It simply affirms that, where jurisdiction is granted ‍​‌‌​​​​​‌‌‌‌​​​​‌‌​‌‌‌​​‌​​‌‌​​​‌‌‌​​​​​‌‌​​​‌​​‍to the circuit courts, the jurisdiction of the J & DR court is not exclusive. See Poole v. Poole, 210 Va. 442, 444, 171 S.E.2d 685, 686-87 (1970). Jurisdiction that does not exist, a fortiori, cannot be concurrent with another court’s jurisdiction.

In Virginia, the jurisdictional powers of the circuit courts are conferred by Code § 17-123. That sеction grants to the circuit courts “original and general jurisdiction of all cases in chancery and civil cases at law” and “jurisdiction of all other matters ... made cognizable therein by lаw.” The circuit court’s jurisdiction in matters relating to minor children is further “made cognizable” in three titles: Title 20, Title 63.1 and Title 31.

We note, preliminarily, that Chapter 11 of Title 63.1, which confers chancery jurisdictiоn to circuit courts in adoption proceedings, necessarily implicates the termination of parental rights. See Code § 63.1-233 (“The birth parents ... shall, by ... final order of adoption, be divested of all legal rights and obligations in respect to the child____”); Doe v. Doe, 222 Va. 736, 746, 284 S.E.2d 799, 805 (1981); Cage v. Harrisonburg Dep’t of Social Servs., 13 Va.App. 246, 249, 410 S.E.2d 405, 406 (1991). In the present case, however, the circuit court clearly did not proceed under the adoption statute. We also note that *508Chapter 2 of Title 31, which grants chancery jurisdiction to the circuit courts over guardianship, likewise does not confer jurisdiction to terminate parental rights; in any event, the court in the prеsent case did not proceed under that section. See Code § 31-4.

Thus, of the three titles, only Title 20 could arguably be invoked here, as the trial court was proceeding in chancery on the matter of divorce, specifically adjudicating child custody and support. Chapter 6 of Title 20 confers chancery jurisdiction to the circuit courts over divorce, and over the custody, visitation and support of children, upon the court’s exercise of its jurisdiction over divorce. Code §§ 20-96, 20-107.2. However, under this title, there is no express grant of jurisdiction to the circuit court to terminatе parental rights, and none can arise by implication. It is well established in Virginia that “jurisdiction in divorce suits is purely statutory, and it cannot be acquired by the courts inferentially or through indirection.” Stroop v. Stroop, 10 Va.App. 611, 616, 394 S.E.2d 861, 864 (1990); see also Cutshaw v. Cutshaw, 220 Va. 638, 641, 261 S.E.2d 52, 54 (1979).

Morеover, in addition to the jurisdictional infirmity in the case, the court’s termination of parental rights was based, in part, on the parties’ agreement to terminate father’s obligation to pay child support. Indeed, the court refused to set the termination aside on the ground that mother had agreed to it. Such an agreement is void as against public policy and unenforceable as a matter of law under the principles of Kelley v. Kelley, 248 Va. 295, 298-99, 449 S.E.2d 55, 56-57 (1994), which we find applicable here. Cf. Orlandi v. Orlandi, 23 Va.App. 21, 27 n. 3, 473 S.E.2d 716, 719 n. 3 (1996). A decree based on such an ‍​‌‌​​​​​‌‌‌‌​​​​‌‌​‌‌‌​​‌​​‌‌​​​‌‌‌​​​​​‌‌​​​‌​​‍agreement must likewise be deemed void.

In sum, the court in this case lacked jurisdiction to terminate father’s parental rights. Thus, the court’s decree, terminating father’s parental rights and concomitantly relieving him of his duty to support, is null and void.

*509Accordingly, we reverse the court’s decision granting father’s motiоn to dismiss.

Reversed.

Notes

. Former Code § 16.1-279(A) in effect at the time of the final decree is, for all purposes material to this appeal, identical to Code § 16.1-278.2, which provides, in part:

If a child is found to be ... аbandoned by his parent ... the juvenile court or the circuit court may make ... [an] order[ ] of disposition to protect the welfare of the child, ... [t]erminat[ing] the rights of the parent pursuant to § 16.1-283.

. Cоde § 16.1-241(A)(5) grants jurisdiction to the juvenile and domestic relations district courts (J & DR courts) over all cases, matters and proceedings involving:

The custody, visitation, support, control or disposition of a child: ... Where the termination of residual parental rights and responsibilities is sought. In such cases jurisdiction shall be concurrent with and not exclusive of courts having equity jurisdiction, as provided in § 16.1— 244.

Code § 16.1-244 provides, in part:

Nothing contained in this law shall deprive any other court of the concurrent jurisdiction ... to determine the custody, guardianship, visitation or ‍​‌‌​​​​​‌‌‌‌​​​​‌‌​‌‌‌​​‌​​‌‌​​​‌‌‌​​​​​‌‌​​​‌​​‍support of children when such custody, guardianship, visitation or support is incidental to the determination of causes pending in such courts,....

. At common law, the parent-child relationship was defined, in part, in terms of the legal duty of the parent to support his or her infant child. See, e.g., McClaugherty v. McClaugherty, 180 Va. 51, 65, 21 S.E.2d 761, 767 (1942); Carroll County Dept. of Social Servs. v. Edelmann, 320 Md. 150, 577 A.2d 14, 23 (1990) ("Parenthood is both a biological and a legal status.”). The common law knew no mechanism by which a parent’s duty to support his or her child could be terminated. See Edelmann, 577 A.2d at 25 (“[T]he duty arising from the relation of parent and child ... is a duty of which the parent can in no circumstances divest himself.”). Likewise, the termination or transfer of the common law duty to support could not be аchieved through contract. See Buchanan v. Buchanan, 170 Va. 458, 477, 197 S.E. 426, 434 (1938); Kelley v. Kelley, 248 Va. 295, 299, 449 S.E.2d 55, 57 (1994). Because the chancery courts’ inherent powers to protect the rights of minors were derived from the common law, those powers do not enсompass the authority to terminate parental rights. Willis, 20 Va.App. at 82, 455 S.E.2d at 277-78.

. A review of the title’s specific provisions shows that Code § 16.1— 241(A)(5) confers jurisdiction on the J & DR courts over all cases involving, inter alia, "[t]he custody, visitation, support, control or disposition of a child ... [wjhere the termination of residual parental rights and responsibilities is sought.” Section 16.1-241 provides that, "[i]n such cases jurisdiction shall be concurrent with and not exclusive *507of courts having equity jurisdiction, as provided in § 16.1-244.” Id. Code § 16.1-244(A) provides that nothing ‍​‌‌​​​​​‌‌‌‌​​​​‌‌​‌‌‌​​‌​​‌‌​​​‌‌‌​​​​​‌‌​​​‌​​‍in the law governing the J & DR courts “shall deprive any other court of the concurrent jurisdiction ... to determine the custody, guardianship, visitation or support of children when such custody, guardianship, visitation or support is incidental to the determination of causes pending in such courts.”

. By analogy, we would not read Code § 16.1-244(B), which providеs that “[j]urisdiction of cases involving violations of federal law ... shall be concurrent,” as conferring jurisdiction on the federal courts; federal court jurisdiction must be established under federal law. This provision simply provides that the jurisdiction of the J & DR courts is not exclusive in such cases.



Concurrence Opinion

WILLIS, Judge,

concurring.

I concur in the result reached by the majority opinion. However, I would hold that the decree terminating the father’s parental rights was void for failure to comply with the procedural and substantive requirements of Code § 16.1-283. I would hold it unnecessary to address the potential jurisdiction of a circuit court to terminate parental rights in a properly postured and developed case.