Christopher v. StateChristopher v. State
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- Caplinger
Miсhael Christopher was injured while participating in an educational activity as a resident at the Juvenile Justice Facility in Topeka. Christopher brought this negligence action against the State of Kansas and the Juvenile Justice Authority, which was operated by the Southeast Kansas Education Service Center (SKESC), Unified School District 609.
The district court dismissed Christopher s claims against SKESC based upon Christopher’s failure to file a notice of сlaim pursuant to
We also affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment to the State based upon the State’s specific grant of immunity under the juvenile justice program exception to the Kansas Tort Claims Act (KTCA),
Factual and procedural background
The district court found the following facts, all of whiсh are accepted by the parties on appeal:
“1. At all times relevant to this case, the plaintiff . . . Christopher, was a juvenile who had been placed under the control and supervision of the Juvenile Justice Authority.
“2. At the time of his injury, [Christopher] was a resident at the Juvenile Justice Facility in Topeka, Shawnee County, Kansas.
“3. The defendant, State of Kansas, ex rel. Kansas Juvenile Justice Authority, operated the Topeka Juvenile Justice Facility.
“4. The defendant cоntracted with Southeast Kansas Education Service Center (‘SKESC’), Unified School District 609, in Girard, Kansas, to provide educational services at the Topeka Juvenile Justice Facility.
“5. Pursuant to the terms of the contract, SKESC was responsible for hiring instructors to provide the educational services at the Topeka Juvenile Justice Facility.
“6. The [State] had no direct involvement in the educational activities but was responsible for safely transporting the juveniles to and from the classrooms at the Topeka Juvenile Justice Facility.
“7. It was the responsibility of SKESC to provide for the safety of the students in the classrooms.
“8. On or about May 20, 2002, [Christopher] was operating a table saw in the shop class at the Topeka Juvenile Justice Facility and he sustained an injury to his left hand.
“9. Kirk Easton, a teacher employed by SKESC, was aware that the saw in question lacked a necessary sаfety guard.
“10. Despite knowing that the table saw lacked the necessary safety guard, Mr. Easton allowed students to use die equipment.
“11. Mr. Easton witnessed [Christopher] using the table saw in question prior to the accident but he did not stop him from using the equipment.
“12. It was die responsibility of SKESC to provide advice on the safe operation of the equipment used in the classrooms. •
“13. Although the State . . . agreed to pay for the upkeep of the equipment used in die classrooms, it was die responsibility of SKESC to notify the [State] if any equipment required maintenance or was in disrepair.”
Christopher brought suit against the State on December 5,2003, and on March 17, 2004, he amended the petition to add SKESC as a defendant. Christopher claimed the defendants’ negligence caused him severe, permanent, and disabling injuiy and resulted in medical expenses and lost earning capacity. Both defendants answered by denying negligence, and both raised the Kansas Tort Claims Act,
On June 2, 2004, SKESC moved to dismiss, arguing Christopher failed to plead compliance with the notice of claim statute,
In response, Christopher argued the notice of claim statute is an affirmative defense which must be raised in the first responsive pleading. Christopher contended SKESC intentionally failed to plead a known defense in order to raise the issue of the statute of limitations and that SKESC should not be allowed to benefit from this intentional failure.
The district court dismissed Christopher’s claims against SKESC, reserving determination on whether Christophеr could refile after having complied with
The district court denied Christopher’s motion to refile against SKESC. With regard to SKESC’s failure to raise tire notice of claim statute as an affirmative defеnse, the district court held failure to comply with the statute was a question of subject matter jurisdiction which could be raised at any time. The district court also held the savings statute did not apply, and Christopher could not refile outside the limitation period.
Summary judgment in favor of State
The State moved for summary judgment based on the KTCA, which provides a “governmental entity . . . shall not be liable for damages resulting from . . . any claim arising from providing a juvenile justice program to juvenile offenders, if such juvenile justice program has contracted with the commissioner of juvenile justice.”
Christopher contended that arguments over contractual and landowner liability were premature given discovery had not been conducted. Christopher further suggested the State had а nondelegable duty to provide for the safety of juveniles within its custody. He argued
Christopher also contended “that the protection of children by the State is a fundamental interest.” Without directly claiming children are a suspect class or that recovery against governmental entities is a fundamental right, Christopher suggested the State’s interest in the welfare of children forbade it from claiming sovereign immunity from liability for injuries caused to them by governmental agencies.
Christopher finally argued the KTCA is unconstitutional “[e]ven if you only applied a rational basis test.” He noted “[e]qual protection still requires that all persons similarly situated should be treated alike,” and he asserted “[a]ny person, whether a child or an adult, who has lost their freеdom of choice while in the custody of the State should be treated alike.”
The district court, after finding the facts quoted above, held the State had immunity under the “plain language of the juvenile justice program exception to the KTCA.” On the equal protection challenge, the district court refused to apply strict scrutiny based on United States Supreme Court authority holding that age is not a suspect classification. Applying the rational basis test, the district court reasoned “one of the primary objectives” of
The district court further held the State does not have a general and/or a nondelegable duty to provide for the safety of minors. Finding it undisputed that the State had no direct role in providing the educational services to the juvenile offenders, the district court held “any risk of loss associated with [Christopher s] injury would fall upon SKESC rather than the State.” Christopher appeаls both the dismissal of SKESC and the grant of summary judgment to the State.
Christopher states he “is going to argue this appeal in reverse order, and address the constitutional claim first.” Christopher reasons that “both defendants are governmental entities” under the KTCA and that “[tjherefore, both defendant governmental entities can claim immunity from liability in connection with providing a juvenile justice program to juvenile offenders.” However, although the SKESC pled the KTCA аs an affirmative defense, it did not argue for dismissal on this basis, and the district court did not rule on the question. Whether the SKESC has immunity under the KTCA was not decided below, in other words, and it should not be considered on appeal. See Board of Lincoln County Comm’rs v. Nielander, 275 Kan. 257, 268, 62 P.3d 247 (2003) (issues not raised before the district court may not be raised on appeal). Instead, we will first consider the dismissal of SKESC under the notice of claim statute and then the summary judgment in favor of the State based on the KTCA.
On appeаl, Christopher admits that he did not file a notice of claim pursuant to
The issue is controlled by Gessner v. Phillips County Comm’rs, 270 Kan. 78, 11 P.3d 1131 (2000). The plaintiffs in Gessner, like the plaintiff here, filed suit within tire statute of limitations but failed to give notice to the municipality as required by
With regard to SKESC’s failure to plead the notice of claim statute in its answer, Gessner also makes clear
We note that Gessner remains good law. In Myers v. Board of Jackson County Comm‘rs, 280 Kan. 869, 876-77, 127 P.3d 319 (2006), the Kansas Supreme Court cited Gessner in holding “[fjailure to provide the statutory notice of a claim in accordance with . . . 12-105b precludes relief.” The Supreme Court further stated ”[i]f the statutory requirements
Accordingly, we find the district court properly dismissed SKESC’s claims for failure to comply with the jurisdictional prerequisites of 12-105b(d).
Equal protection challenge
Christopher does not dispute that
Christopher fails to identify the source of his equal protection argument. Nevertheless, Kansas courts have given equal effect to the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, and §§ 1 and 2 of the Bill of Rights of the Kansas Constitution. See State ex rel. Tomasic v. Kansas City, Kansas Port Authority, 230 Kan. 404, 426, 636 P.2d 760 (1981). The Equal Protection Clause provides “[n]o State shall . . . deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.” U.S. Const., 14th Amend. “The guiding principle of the Equal Protection Clause is that similarly situated individuals should be treated alike.” Limón, 280 Kan. at 283.
Procedural and substantive standards
“When a statute is attacked on equal protection grounds, the general rule is that the statute is presumed constitutional, and the burden is on the party attacking the statute to prove otherwise.” Barrett v. U.S.D. No. 259, 272 Kan. 250, Syl. ¶ 2, 32 P.3d 1156 (2001). “Only in cases involving ‘suspect classifications’ or ‘fundamental interests’ is the presumption of constitutionality displaced and the burden placed on the party asserting constitutionality to demonstrate a compelling state interest which justifies the classification.” 272 Kan. 250, Syl. ¶ 2; see also Johnson v. California, 543 U.S. 499, 505, 160 L. Ed. 2d 949, 125 S. Ct. 1141 (2005) (on racial classifications the government has the burden of proof); Heller v. Doe, 509 U.S. 312, 319, 125 L. Ed. 2d 257, 113 S. Ct. 2637 (1993) (“[A] classification neither involving fundamental rights nor proceeding along suspect lines is accorded a strong presumption of validity.”); Jana-Rock Const. v. NY State Dept. of Econ. Dev., 438 F.3d 195, 204-05 (2d Cir. 2006) (where the government “expressly classifies persons on the basis of race or national origin,” the “burden of proof shifts”).
The substantive analysis applied to the different classifications varies as well. In considering whether state legislation violates the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, a court must apply different levels of scrutiny to different types of classifications. Clark v. Jeter, 486 U.S. 456, 461, 100 L. Ed. 2d 465, 108 S. Ct. 1910 (1988).
“At a minimum, a stаtutory classification must be rationally related to a legitimate governmental purpose. [Citations omitted.] Classifications based on race or national origin, [citation omitted] and classifications affecting fundamental rights, [citation omitted] are given the most exacting scrutiny. Between these extremes of rational review basis and strict scrutiny lies a level of intermediate scrutiny, which generally has been applied to discriminаtory classifications based on sex or illegitimacy. [Citations omitted.]” 486 U.S. at 461.
Sovereign immunity and equal protection
This case involves the selective exercise of sovereign immunity by the Kansas Legislature. Under the KTCA, governmental entities are liable unless immunity is provided under specifically enumerated exceptions or a catchall phrase stating the enumerated exceptions are not exclusive. See
At the time of Brown, our Supreme Court could locate “no cases which hold governmental immunity invalid based on the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.” 219 Kan. at 19. The court then made such a holding a few terms later in Flax v. Kansas Turnpike Authority, 226 Kan. 1, 596 P.2d 446 (1979). In that instance immunity for the Kansas Turnpike Authority violated equal protection because it created “a small class of motorists who are subjected to discrimination for no other reason than they happened to take the turnpike.” 226 Kan. at 11.
In a more recent decision, our Supreme Court distinguished Flax, noting that it “was a 4-3 decision, with Justice McFarland, joined by Chief Justice Schroeder and Justice Fromme dissenting on the equal protection question.” Barrett, 272 Kan. at 262. The Supreme Court in Barrett also identified Brown as the basis for the dissent in Flax. 272 Kan. at 262. Although Barrett did not overrule Flax, it shows Brown remains good law and an important guide when analyzing an immunity statute under the Equal Protection Clause.
Classification in this case
On appeal, Christopher attempts to distance himself from his allegation that he was classified by age under
“But the statute also creates a classification among children. Those in juvenile custody cannot recover. Those attending public school can recover. This is not based on age, but where the child is receiving his education.”
As the procedural history shows, Christopher argued to the district court that his classification was based upon age alone. Christopher contended:
“In this casе, we have individuals who are in the custody of the State because of wrongs they have committed. The only difference is their age. The question is whether there is any basis for the State’s determination to treat children in custody differently than adults in custody, when they have injury claims against a governmental entity.”
Other than age, Christopher asserted no classifications below and he cannot raise new classifications on appeal. Seе Nielander, 275 Kan. at 268. Even if this court were to consider the classification of children in juvenile custody versus those in public school, Christopher provides no basis to conclude juvenile offenders constitute a suspect class such as race, national origin, sex, or illegitimacy. See Able v. United States, 155 F.3d 628, 631 (2d Cir. 1998) (strict or intermediate scrutiny applies where “the subject of the different treatment is a member of a class that historically has been the object of discrimination.”). Christopher also does not show how juvenile offenders and public school students are similarly situated, and neither common experience nor the published opinions suggest they are. See Rudolph v. Cuomo, 916 F. Supp. 1308, 1323 (S.D. N.Y. 1996) (prisoners and nonprisoners are not similarly situated); Brandon v. Corrections Corp. of America, 28 P.3d 269, 276 (Alaska
Regarding the classification of age, the district court correctly held it was subject to a rational basis analysis, not the heightened scrutiny as Christopher urges.
“[A]ge is not a suspect classification under the Equal Protection Clause. [Citation omitted.]
“States may discriminate on the basis of age without offending tire Fourteenth Amendment if file age classification in question is rationally related to a legitimate state interest. The rationality commanded by the Equal Protection Clause does not require States to match age distinctions and the legitimate interests they serve with razorlike precision. As we have explained, when conducting rational basis review ‘we will not overturn such [governmental action] unless the varying treatment of different groups or persons is so unrelated to die achievement of any combination of legitimate purposes that we can only conclude that the [government’s] actions were irrational.’ [Citation omitted.]” Kimel v. Florida Bd. of Regents, 528 U.S. 62, 83-84, 145 L. Ed. 2d 522, 120 S. Ct. 631 (2000).
Christopher contests this authority and the others cited by the district court because they did not “involve a classification which treated children differently] from adults.” However, Christopher does not explain the significance of this distinction, given age has not historically defined a class of persons subject to discrimination. In contrast to race or gender, States may properly “rely on age as a proxy for other qualities, abilities, or characteristics that are relevant to the State’s legitimate interests.” Kimel, 528 U.S. at 84. For these reasons, “an age classificаtion is presumptively rational.” 528 U.S. at 84.
Christopher’s arguments on rational basis scrutiny track his argument for strict scrutiny. He contends “there is no rational basis for depriving children of compensation for injuries caused by the negligence of the State.” In response to the district court’s finding that the State had a rational basis for promoting education of juvenile offenders, Christopher complains “[tjhere was no evidence that education cоuld not be provided to juveniles without the grant of immunity.”
However, the rational basis test is not so demanding. As the United States Supreme Court has emphasized, “[a] classification does not fail rational-basis review because it ‘. . . results in some inequality.’ [Citation omitted.]” Heller, 509 U.S. at 321. Courts may not “sit as a superlegislature to judge the wisdom or desirability of legislative policy determinations.” City of New Orleans v. Dukes, 427 U.S. 297, 303, 49 L. Ed. 2d 511, 96 S. Ct. 2513 (1976). Instead, legislative enactments must only “implicate legitimate goals,” and the means chosen “must bear a rational relationship to those goals.” Barrett, 272 Kan. 250, Syl. ¶ 3.
With regard to the evidence, “[a] State . . . has no obligation to produce evidence to sustain the rationality of a statutory classification.” Heller, 509 U.S. at 320. “ ‘[A] legislative choice is not subject to courtroom factfinding and may be based on rational speculation unsupported by evidence or empirical data.’ [Citations omitted.]” 509 U.S. at 320. Therefore, a rational basis will bе found for a classification “if any state of facts reasonably may be conceived to justify it.” Brown, 219 Kan. 2, Syl. ¶ 6.
“ The problems of government are practical ones and may justify, if they do not require, rough accommodations — illogical, it may be, and unscientific.’ [Citations omitted.]” Heller, 509 U.S. at 321. Given this, Christopher bore the burden “ To negative every conceivable basis which might support’ ” tire statute in question. 509 U.S. at 320 (quoting Lehnhausen v. Lake Shore Auto Parts Co., 410 U.S. 356, 364, 35 L. Ed. 2d 351, 93 S. Ct. 1001 [1973]). Having failed this, Christopher fails to show he was deprived of еqual protection by the district court’s application of the KTCA.
Delegation of duty
Christopher expands on appeal his arguments for a nondelegable duty by the State to children in its custody. Christopher recognizes, however, that his arguments are not viable if
The basis for this concession is obvious:
Affirmed.