70 F.3d 377 | 5th Cir. | 1995
Lead Opinion
The sole issue presented by this appeal is whether, for purposes of Fed.R.Civ.P. 5(e), a prisoner’s pro se complaint is “filed” on the date it is properly delivered to prison officials pursuant to the prison’s established procedure for prisoners’ mail,
I
FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS
While incarcerated in a federal prison in El Reno, Oklahoma, Cooper drafted a pro se complaint pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (§ 1983). On July 11, 1994, a Monday, Cooper signed the complaint before a notary public and deposited it in the prison’s legal mail system.
This case hinges on that date of receipt, as Cooper’s cause of action accrued exactly two years and one day earlier.
ANALYSIS
In Houston v. Lack, a state prisoner drafted a pro se notice of appeal from the dismissal of a habeas corpus petition. He deposited the notice into the prison mail system three days before the thirty-day filing deadline set by Fed.R.App. P. 4(a)(1); but the district court clerk did not receive the notice of appeal until one day after the expiration of the filing period.
A bright-line “mailbox rule” for pro se prisoners was thereby established. The Supreme Court recognized that without a mailbox rule, prisoners acting pro se would be unduly prejudiced in their attempts to exercise their rights under the law:
Unskilled in law, unaided by counsel, and unable to leave the prison, [a prisoner’s] control over the processing of his notice necessarily ceases as soon as he hands it over to the only public officials to whom he has access — the prison authorities — and the only information he will likely have is the date he delivered the notice to those prison authorities and the date ultimately stamped on his notice.10
The Houston Court reasoned that the mailbox rule also pretermits time-consuming examinations of the circumstances behind any delay in the delivery of prisoners’ documents to the court clerk.
The concerns underlying the Houston decision clearly apply to instant case. Prisoners filing pro se complaints face the same limitations as prisoners filing pro se notices of appeal: They cannot visit the courthouse to ensure that their pleadings are stamped “filed”; and they can neither place their complaints personally in the hands of United States postal workers nor phone the district court to ascertain whether the papers have been delivered.
Finally, any delay between the submission of a complaint to prison authorities and its arrival at the courthouse, like any delay in the arrival of a notice of appeal, raises difficult issues of possible neglect or even intentional interference. The temptation for willful obstruction recognized in Houston as to notices of appeal is even more compelling in the case of complaints: When prisoners appeal, they have already lost the first round. If prison authorities have an incentive to delay a filing under those circumstances,
It is true that the Houston holding was based on an interpretation of Fed.R.App. P. 4(a)(1) (Rule 4(a)(1)), whereas the instant
The Ector County officials argue that we should not extend the Houston analysis to the filing of complaints, as Rule 4(a)(1) allows only thirty days for the filing of a notice of appeal, compared to the two-year period available for the filing of a § 1983 complaint.
A complaint, by contrast, must state the basis for the jurisdiction of the trial court, a description of a claim or claims upon which relief can be granted, and a demand for judgment for relief sought.
The Ector County officials’ argument also fails because it is blind to the underlying policy of the Houston opinion:
[Houston ] simply provides that a statute of limitations has the same practical effect on every pro se prisoner litigant it governs. The length of the time restriction involved is irrelevant. Limitations periods themselves make no distinction between those who file early and those who file late. The Houston rule merely serves to create functionally equivalent time bars and provide equal access to the courts for pro se prisoner litigants.29
We are satisfied that pro se prisoner litigants are at least as needful of a level playing field when filing complaints as are such litigants when filing notices of appeal. Accordingly, we reverse the magistrate judge’s order dismissing Cooper’s complaint as untimely, and remand for further proceedings.
REVERSED AND REMANDED.
. We do not here address situations in which a prison maintains facilities for inmates to deposit legal mail directly into a mailbox of the U.S. Postal Service, and therefore the pro se prisoner plaintiff in fact sends legal filings via the U.S. Postal Service.
. See Dory v. Ryan, 999 F.2d 679 (2d Cir.1993), modified on reh'g on other grounds, 25 F.3d 81 (2d Cir.1994); Garvey v. Vaughn, 993 F.2d 776 (11th Cir.1993); Lewis v. Richmond City Police Department, 941 F.2d 733 (4th Cir.1991); see also Faile v. Upjohn, 988 F.2d 985, 988 (9th Cir.1993) ("[W]e see no reason to treat other civil ‘filing’ deadlines differently than the filing for a civil appeal.”).
. The Ector County officials contended at oral argument that Cooper used the U.S. Postal Service to mail the complaint; however, the record clearly establishes that Cooper in fact used the prison's mailing system.
. Cooper's complaint asserted that the Ector County officials violated his constitutional rights by placing him in solitary confinement without notice or hearing and in a manner that amounted to cruel and unusual punishment. The relevant period of solitary confinement ended on July 14, 1992.
The complaint also asserted constitutional violations arising from earlier periods of incarceration in the Ector County jail. The magistrate judge dismissed those claims as clearly time-barred, and Cooper does not appeal their dismissal.
. 487 U.S. 266, 108 S.Ct. 2379, 101 L.Ed.2d 245 (1988).
. For a magistrate judge to decline to follow a district judge’s opinion may be unusual, but when (1) both parties consent to the jurisdiction of the magistrate judge and (2) the district judge specifically designates the magistrate judge to conduct civil proceedings, the magistrate judge “may act in the capacity of a district court judge” and is not bound by prior opinions expressed by the district judge. See McGinnis v. Shalala, 2 F.3d 548, 551 (5th Cir.1993), cert. denied, - U.S. -, 114 S.Ct. 1293, 127 L.Ed.2d 647 (1994); see also 28 U.S.C. § 636(c) (1988 & Supp. V 1993); Neals v. Norwood, 59 F.3d 530, 532 (5th Cir.1995).
. See 28 U.S.C. § 636(c).
. Houston v. Lack, 487 U.S. at 268-69, 108 S.Ct. at 2381-82.
. Id. at 270, 108 S.Ct. at 2382.
. Houston, 487 U.S. at 271-72, 108 S.Ct. at 2382-83; see also Thompson v. Rasberry, 993 F.2d 513, 515 (5th Cir.1993) (extending Houston 's mailbox rule to pro se prisoners’ written objections to a magistrate’s proposed findings and recommendations).
. See Houston, 487 U.S. at 275-76, 108 S.Ct. at 2384-85.
. Houston, 487 U.S. at 271, 108 S.Ct. at 2382-83; see also id. at 276, 108 S.Ct. at 2385.
. See Houston, 487 U.S. at 270-71, 108 S.Ct. at 2382-83; Dory, 999 F.2d at 682.
. See Houston, 487 U.S. at 271, 108 S.Ct. at 2382-83.
. It should be noted that Cooper filed his § 1983 complaint against the Ector County officials while he was incarcerated in an independent, federal prison system. The authorities who received his complaint therefore had less reason to delay than if they themselves had been named defendants. Nonetheless, this distinction is insufficient to merit the conclusion that the Houston rule should not apply to Cooper's case, as it can be assumed that prison officials generally are less than enthusiastic about facilitating the lawsuits of prisoners.
. Garvey, 993 F.2d at 782 (citing Lewis, 947 F.2d at 736).
. Compare Fed.R.App. P. 4(a)(1) (“[T]he notice of appeal required by Rule 3 must filed with the clerk of the district court within 30 days of the date of entry of the judgment....”) with Fed. R.Civ. P. 5(e) (“The filing of the papers with the court as required by these rules shall be made by filing them with the clerk of the court....”).
. See Houston, 487 U.S. at 270, 108 S.Ct. at 2382. In 1993, after the Houston opinion was handed down, FedR.App. P. 4 was amended to adopt the mailbox rule for all prisoner notices of appeal. Rule 4(c) now reads, “If an inmate confined in an institution files a notice of appeal in either a civil case or a criminal case, the notice of appeal is timely filed if it is deposited in the institution’s internal mail system on or before the last day for filing.” See Fed.R.App P. 4(c).
The fact that similar changes have not been made to Fed.R.Civ.P. 5(e) is of no moment: Different committees draft changes to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure; and neither the committees nor Congress is under an obligation to consider and incorporate every possible implication of Supreme Court rulings.
. See Hamm v. Moore, 984 F.2d 890, 892 (8th Cir.1992) (citing Hostler v. Groves, 912 F.2d 1158, 1161 (9th Cir.1990), cert. denied, 498 U.S. 1120, 111 S.Ct. 1074, 112 L.Ed.2d 1180 (1991)).
. As there is no federal statute of limitations for § 1983 actions, the federal courts borrow the forum state's general personal injury limitations period. See Jackson v. Johnson, 950 F.2d 263, 265 (5th Cir.1992); Ali v. Higgs, 892 F.2d 438, 439 (5th Cir.1990). The applicable statute of limitations in Texas is two years. See Tex.Civ. Prac. & Rem.Code Ann. § 16.003(a) (Vernon’s 1986).
The Ector County officials also attempt to distinguish this case from Houston on the grounds that the failure to file a notice of appeal in a timely manner raises a jurisdictional barrier to review, whereas the filing of a complaint beyond the limitations period raises a procedural roadblock. This court has already extended Houston 's mailbox rule to a purely procedural issue— the filing of written objections to a magistrate's proposed findings and recommendations. See Thompson, 993 F.2d at 515. Thus, in the instant case, any dissimilarity between jurisdictional and procedural issues amounts to a "distinction without a difference.”
. Fed.R.App. P. 3(c).
. Fed R.Civ.P. 8(a).
. Fed R.Civ.P. 8(e)(2).
. Fed.R.Civ.P. 8(a)(3).
. Fed R.Civ P. 8(e)(1).
. See, e.g., Baton Rouge Bldg. & Const. v. Jacobs Constructors, 804 F.2d 879, 881 (5th Cir.1986).
. Cooper’s complaint, for example, comprises more than eighteen handwritten pages.
. See, e.g., Schultea v. Wood, 47 F.3d 1427 (5th Cir.1995) (en banc) (interpreting Elliott v. Perez, 751 F.2d 1472 (5th Cir.1985)).
.Lewis, 947 F.2d at 735.
Dissenting Opinion
dissenting:
I respectfully dissent from the conscientious view of the panel majority. Unless and until we are told by a new appellate rule or by the Supreme Court that we should extend the rule of Houston v. Lack, 487 U.S. 266, 108 S.Ct. 2379, 101 L.Ed.2d 245 (1988), to all filings by prisoners, we should enunciate boundaries to the rule’s application. The majority, however, announces no such limitations.
In Houston, the prisoner had only thirty days to file a notice of appeal. Here, Cooper had two years to file his civil complaint. There is absolutely no showing that he needed to wait until the eleventh hour to file. Certainly, there is no intimation that the federal prison authorities hampered him in any way from preparing and filing his complaint. Hence, there is no unfairness in requiring Cooper to adhere to the same two-year limitations period required of all litigants in Texas.
One workable distinction between the instant case and one like Houston is that the Houston rule should apply only to relative short filing periods, not to extended periods that are usually applicable where statutes of limitations are involved. Using this rationale would also allow us to distinguish Thompson v. Rasberry, 993 F.2d 513, 515 (5th Cir.1993), in which we applied Houston to a ten-day filing period.
Moreover, as the majority notes, the appellate rule at issue in Houston has since been amended to conform to Houston. If there were a perceived problem in regard to limitations periods, presumably the policymakers would have amended the rule to cure that perceived inequity, as well. They did not, and we should take a clue from that inaction.
The majority does not mention that this circuit has already declined to extend the Houston rule to just any civil filing. In Guirguis v. Immigration & Naturalization Serv., 993 F.2d 508, 509-10 (5th Cir.1993), we refused to give the benefit of Houston to an alien, confined in a federal detention facility, who tardily filed a petition for review from an order of deportation, despite the fact that his confinement may have been similar to that of a prisoner in terms of the inability to control one’s own outgoing mail. We held that “the narrow exception carved out for pro se prisoners, based substantially upon the language of [Fed.R.App. P.] 3(a) and 4(a), is unavailable to petitioners aggrieved by orders of the [Board of Immigration Appeals] who wish to petition for review----” Id. at 510 (emphasis added).
Again, the main question left unanswered by the panel majority’s diligent effort to reconcile our precedent is this: What are the neutral principles that tell us the limits to the Houston rule? In the absence of a rule that says so, should Houston be extended to discovery filings, pretrial orders, petitions for rehearing, motions for new trial, jury demands, or any combination of such matters? I would leave it to the drafters of the rules, cognizant of the policy concerns expressed in Houston, to tell us how far that principle should be extended.
I appreciate the difficulty the majority faces, confronted with some easelaw that extends Houston and other authority that does not. Here, there being no inequity, I would not stretch the rule to reach a prisoner who waited until the very end of a two-year period before taking advantage of his right to institute civil litigation.
“It is hard to understand why the Court felt the need to short-circuit the orderly process of rule amendment in order to provide immediate relief in the present case.” Houston, 487 U.S. at 284, 108 S.Ct. at 2389 (Scalia, J., dissenting). Accordingly, I respectfully dissent.
