delivered the Opinion of the Court.
Plaintiff landowners, Gordon and Lorene Christian, brought this action to quiet title to separate oil and gas leases owned by A. A. Oil Corporation and Robert E. Byrne, defendants. This appeal is from a judgment in the district court of Toole County by the Hon. R. D. McPhillips, district judge, sitting without a jury. Judge McPhillips found A. A. Oil’s 1741.64 acre lease valid, subject to a top lease on the same lands in favor of Robert *423 E. Byrne; and finding an 867.42 acre lease valid in favor of Byrne. Byrne now appeals from judgment relating to the larger lease only.
On April 5, 1940, James and Bertha Christian executed an “unless” type oil and gas lease to John Reynolds covering a tract of about 1740 acres in Toole County, Montana. Shortly thereafter, title to this lease-hold entered was assigned to A. A. Oil Corporation. The lease was amended twice, first in 1941 and. again in 1946, each time extending the lease for five year periods. Incorporated into one o'r the amendments was a provision that, in the event the lessor should believe the lessee to be in default of any of the covenants, lessor was to givе lessee notice in writing specifying the alleged violation and lessee was to have forty-five days within which to remedy any existing breach. The primary term of the lease expired on July 1, 1951.
In 1950 an oil and gas well known as Christian # 1 was completed, with an estimated natural gas flow of 250,000 to 500,000 cubic feet of gas per day. Christian # 1 well was plugged and abandoned in 1958 without any oil or gas having been commercially sold therefrom.
The district court also found that drilling of Christian # 2 commenced on July 1, 1951 and was completed later that same year. Gas from Christian # 2 was first purchased by Montana-Dakota Utility Co. In November, 1954, Montana Power Co., started purchasing natural gas from said well. Cost of operation and supervision fоr producing is provided by Montana Power-Co. There is no evidence that Christian # 2 was ever plugged and abandoned.
The district court found that at the time of the trial Christian # 2 had an estimated gas production of 1,500,000 to 3,000,000' cubic feet of gas per day. No evidence was offered to show the capacity to be any different except the tеstimony of Jerry-Branch, a geologist, who testified he thought the well to be noncommercial. The district court allowed Branch to testify over *424 repeated objections that sufficient foundation was not laid and that he was not qualfied to testify on the subject. After hearing Branch’s testimony, the court sustained the objections and disregarded Branch’s testimоny.
. No facts were presented as to whether Christian # 2 had sufficient pressure to force gas into a nearby pipeline.
Gordon Christian’ gave notice on August 14, 1963, stating that A. A. Oil had not paid royalties or rentals, had failed to conduct exploration, and that the lease would be declared forfeited “* * * unless the breaches of the terms of said оil and gas leases are corrected and remedied within forty-five (45) days of the date of service of said notice.”
On Aug'ust 19, 1963, Gordon and Lorene Christian executed to Robert Byrne an oil and gas lease on the same lands involved in the A. A. Oil lease. Byrne gave the Christians a draft for $1,741.64 in payment, but it was not presented for payment for nearly two years after issued. On this same day, the Christians requested that the lease be returned due to the conflicting prior lease with A. A. Oil. Byrne refused and duly recorded the lease.
In August of 1963, Gordon and Lorene Christian commenced a quiet title action on the tract in question against A. A. Oil .and Robert Byrne. The object of the suit was to extinguish the leasehold interests of Byrne and the A. A. Oil Cоrporation. Byrne now appeals from the judgment extinguishing his leasehold interest.
Gordon Christian died in June, 1965 and his estate was probated in Toole County. In October of 1966, Lorene Christian as executrix of his estate petitioned the court for authority to ratify the A. A. Oil lease, reciting that a settlement had been reached between A. A. Oil and the estate. Over objections of Byrne, the probate court permitted the settlement. In July, 1965 A. A. Oil conveyed their lease to Bernice Lutz, who is holding *425 in trust for Cedor Aronow and others, with a reservation of an overriding royalty and retention of two gas wells.
The significant issues raised upon appeal are:
(1) What effect does a notice clause have on the term of the lease after expiration of thе primary term!
(2) Was the district court correct in finding the A. A. Oil Corporation lease a valid lease?
(3) Does the principle of equitable estoppel have any application to the facts as presented in this case?
(4) Did the probate court have authority to ratify the settlement of the A. A. Oil lease?
(5) Is the evidence of Branсh, the geologist, concerning costs and production admissible?
(6) Is it permissible for a landowner to shift the burden of proof to an adverse intervening lessee to prove an underlying oil and gas lease invalid?
In Montana oil and gas leases are to be construed liberally in favor of the lessor and strictly against the lessee. Schumacher v. Colе,
The first issue, the effect a notice clause has on the term of the lease after expiration of the primary term, is the principal issue upon appeal. In the original oil and gas lease executed on April 5, 1940, the habendum clause provided * * that this lease shall remain in force for a term of 5 years from this date and as long thereafter as oil or gas, or either of them is produced from said land by the lessee. ” Subsequently, on July 1, 1941, the primary term was extended “* * * subject to compliance with its original and * * * amended cоnditions.” *426 In paragraph (d) of the amended lease appears the following provisions:
“ (d) — That in event lessor has occasion to charge that lessee or assigns may not be carrying out his (or its) obligations under intent of terms of lease and amendments thereof * * * Lessor shall notify Lessee in writing, specifying the alleged breach and Lessee shаll have the full period of forty-five days from and after date of service of such notice within which to remedy any existing breach * * * lease shall terminate at the option of the lessor”.
Byrne contends that the above notice provision has no application to an expired oil and gas lease, citing
Schumacher
this Court held that an “unless” type оil and gas lease may expire automatically at the conclusion of the primary term without a declaration of forfeiture or notice to a lessee if such be the general intent of the lease. See also McDaniel v. Hager-Stevenson Oil Co.,
The Schumacher and McDaniel cases, however, can be distinguished. In those cases the Court found an automatic termination at the expiration of the primary term because no drilling, no payment of rentals, or anything else was ever done beyond the initial consideration for the lease.
No notice is required and an “unless” type lease will automaticall terminate if the lessee fails to commence drilling, pay delay rentals, or comply with thе other obligations in the habendum clause. But here the district court found that at the end of the primary term Christian # 1 well had been drilled, having an estimated natural gas flow of 250,000 to 500,000 cubic feet of gas per day. In addition, A. A. Oil had commenced drilling the Christian # 2 well. In light of these facts the district court was correct in finding that the A. A. Oil lease did not automatically terminate at the end of the primary term.
In Fey v. A. A. Oil Corp.,
This leads us to the second issue involved in this appeal — ■ whether the A. A. Oil lease continued in full force and effect.
The parties agreed that the lease should continue in effect as long as oil or gas was produced and the lessee exercises reasonable diligence in development. The 1941 amended lease specifically provides:
“(e) — That it is understood and agreed that the commencement of operations for developmena of oil, and/or gas production upon said lands by lessee or assigns within the term of said lease and amendments therеof shall operate to extend same and lessee’s rights, privileges and interests as hereunder for and during such period of time as Lessee or assigns shall prosecute such operations with reasonable diligence after the term expiration hereof, and in the event oil and/or gas in commercial quantity be discovered as a rеsult thereof, this lease shall thereupon be and thereafter remain as fully in force and effect as though such discovery had been accomplished within the term hereof as hereinbefore stated.”
The test for determining whether there was sufficient production or whether the lessee was acting with reasonable diligence in producing аnd marketing the gas from the leased lands is the diligence which would be exercised by the ordinary prudent operator having regard to the interests of both lessor and lessee. Sullivan, Handbook of Oil and Gas Law, § 91, p. 173,
*428
2 Brown, Oil and Gas Leases, 2d ed., § 16.02, pp. 16-49. This is a question of fact and will depend upon the facts and circumstances of each case. Berthelote v. Loy Oil Co.,
The rule pertaining to oil is different from gas due to the peculiar characteristics of producing gas. Oil may' be stored above ground in tanks or other receptacles and may be moved to the market by various modes of transportation. Gas must be stored below ground and is moved to the market only by pipeline. In additiоn, the product of a gas well can only be transported to a market when the volume and pressure are sufficient. 2 Williams, Oil & Gas Law, § 853, 388.
The parties to the lease involved here may well have had this problem in mind. Paragraph (c) of the amended lease provides:
“ (c) — That if natural gas only, or as long as natural gas only, is found in commercially productive amounts on the lands covered by said leases and amendments thereto, Lessee’s and Assign’s obligations shall not require the producing of same until there is a commercial market available for such natural gas # * # 9 9
Ordinarily, the mere discovery of oil and gas is not sufficient under a lease continuing, as in the present ease, for “as long thereаfter as oil and gas is produced.” The oil or gas must be withdrawn from the land and reduced to possession for use in commerce, especially where the real consideration for the lease is the proceeds.
Here we are dealing with gas producing wells only. The discovery of gas in commercial quantities during the primary term satisfies the “thereafter” provisions of the habendum clause for a period of time, and thereby extends the lease into the secondary term. After the mineral is discovered the lessee is required to use reasonable diligence in operating the well and marketing the product within a reasonable time. Failure to do so will result in termination of the lease under the habendum *429 clause after the expiration of the primary term. Berthelote v. Loy Oil Co., supra; 2 Williams, Oil & Gas Law, § 854, p. 394; Sullivan Handbook of Oil and Gas Law, § 41, p. 97, § 43, p. 100.
It has been held sufficient, under a lease similar to the one at issue here, to produce gas in commercial quantities, even though the gas is not in fact marketable because there was no available pipeline facilities or no commercial market within the area. Fey v. A. A. Oil Corp.,
The district court found the prevailing price for gas by the pipeline owner of six cents per thousand cubic feet (five cents for the years 1953 to 1956, six cents from 1956 to 1970) was exceedingly modest and suggestive of the fact that a market for the gas in the quantity which the well was capable of delivering did not exist. Christian # 2 well had an estimated producing capacity of 1,500,000 to 3,000,000 cubic feet of gas per day. But there was no evidence that a commercial market was available to purchase the gas. Further, there was no competent evidence to show that the gas well drilled could not produce gas in paying-quantities.
This Court in Berthelote set down the rule in reference to the “thereafter” clause that to continue the lease after the fixed term requires that oil or gas is produced in paying quantities. There this Court upheld that part of the instruction to the jury which defined “paying quantities” to mean production in such quantities as will pay a profit to the lessee over operating expenses, including the initial cost of drilling and equipping the wells. This is still the law in this state.
Due to the alignment of the parties in this action to quiet title the burden rested upon Byrne to prove that the A. A. Oil well was incapable of producing gas in paying quantities. *430 Byrne was required to prove that A. A. Oil did not use reasonable diligence in marketing the gas. Byrne failed to meet his. burden of proof. Therefore, the district court wаs correct in finding that the A. A. Oil lease continued in full force and effect.
Directing our attention to the third issue for review, Byrne relies upon the doctrine of equitable estoppel, citing section 93-131-6, R.C.M.1947. Byrne contends that the Christians led him to believe that A. A. Oil’s lease was expired and showed him in the abstract office written evidence of the “notice” of A. A. Oil’s breach. The district court, however, found that Byrne was aware at the time of obtaining the lease that A. A. Oil had a prior lease of record covering the same land. Byrne examined the records in the Shelby abstract office and relied thereon. Where there is no reliance on any alleged misrepresentation, equitable estoppel does not apply.
Next, Byrne contends that the probate court, being a court of limited jurisdiction, had no authority to allow the executrix of the Gordon Christian estate to compromise and settle the dispute with A. A. Oil. It is true that the probate court does not have jurisdiction over questions of title to real property. Maury v. Jоnes,
Byrne also contends that the testimony of Branch, a local geologist, concerning costs of supervision and record keeping was admissible. The district court permitted Branch to testify in this respect but disregarded such testimony in its findings of fact because no proper foundation was laid. Branch is a petroleum and consulting geologist qualified to testify as to certain аspects of oil and gas production. However, no proper *431 foundation was laid concerning Ms qualifications to give expert opinion evidence in the field of cost accounting or general operation of wells other than his admission that he signed an operating agreement. To attack the A. A. Oil lease requires a qualified expert, such as a reservoir engineer, to testify as to the reservoir capacity of the well, its bottom hole pressure or producing pressure, and whether the well was capable of producing in paying quantities.
The final issue for review concerns the burden of proof. Byrne claims that he relied upon the Christians’ intentions to obtain a release of the A. A. Oil lease. He contends that the Christians are estopped from taking a position favorable to A. A. Oil which has the effect of placing the burden on him to prove the validity of his own lease. This Court in Fiers v. Jacobson,
For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district court is affirmed.