This case involves an issue of first impression in Michigan; i.e., the treatment of military retirement pay in a divorce proceeding. The issue focuses on the question of whether the trial court erred in awarding plaintiff a one-half interest in defendant’s net retirement benefits as part of a property settlement where no provision was made for alimony.
Defendant entered the United States Army in 1949 but he left the military in 1953. He re-enlisted in 1955, just prior to his marriage to plaintiff, and retired in 1972 as Chief Warrant Officer, fourth class.
No children were born of this marriage. The parties owned two lots and accumulated personal property, including several cars, a boat, a camper and a car trailer, some of which were encumbered *701 by loans. In 1975, the plaintiff filed her complaint for divorce.
Following a bench trial, the court awarded plaintiff a divorce providing that neither party receive alimony and that all of the marital property be sold, with the proceeds going first to settle the liens on the property and the remainder to be divided equally between the parties.
The court found that defendant, by virtue of his years of military service, was receiving military retirement pay of $9600 per year. After deducting 20 per cent of this amount for taxes, the court awarded plaintiff, as part of the property settlement, оne-half of the net amount, or $320 per month. The payments were ordered to continue until the death of either party.
Defendant contends on appeal that military retirement pay is not a marital asset subject to division in a divorce action property settlement. He argues that the retirement pay is analagous to wages, which can only be considered as a factor in granting alimony. Since no alimony was awarded here, defendant argues, plaintiff has no interest in the net retirement pay.
Although no Michigan case has precisely decided this issue, the parties have referred us to several cases from other jurisdictions where the question has been reached with conflicting results. Our analysis of these decisions leads us to the conclusion that, although the question is subject to considerable debate with defensible arguments on both sides of the issue, the trial court below correctly held that the retirement pay was an asset of the marriage subject to a property division.
It appears to be the uniform holding of the community property states that military retirement pay is community property, subject to divi
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sion upon divorce.
1
The most comprehensive such opinion is that of the California Supreme Court in
In re Marriage of Fithian,
10 Cal 3d 592; 111 Cal Rptr 369;
The Fithian Court stated that under their community property law, retirement benefits which are earned by one spouse as an element of compensation earned for work done during the course of the marriage are divisible upon dissolution of the marriage. Thus, the threshold issue was whether military retirement pay was intended as deferred compensation for the person’s service prior to retirement, or . payment for the limited status of the person after retirement. 2 The Fithian Court held:
"[Military retirement pay must be realistically viewed as compensation for past, not present, services. Congress’ purpose in creating the retirement pay system was to enhance the morale of the serviceman and to encourage him to remain in the military, аnd not to compensate him for his limited responsibility to the government after his retirement. Indeed, the amount of retirement pay a serviceman receives bears no relation to any continuing duties after retiremеnt, but is calculated solely on the basis of the number of years served on active duty and the rank attained prior to retirement. (10 U. S. C. § 6323(e).) Moreover, should the serviceman actually be recalled to active duty, he is nоt only additionally compensated according to the active duty pay scale, but his rate of retirement pay is also increased thereafter. (10 U. S. C. § 1402.) The conclusion *703 is inescapable that retirement pаy is awarded in return for services previously rendered and therefore is divisible as community property to the extent the serviceman was married while on active duty.” 10 Cal 3d at 604; 111 Cal Rptr at 376-377;517 P2d at 456-457 .
The Court in Fithian did not feel that this result was affectеd by the fact that the officer had not contributed, either directly or in the form of a payroll deduction, to the fund out of which the retirement pay is disbursed. The Court found the question of contribution irrelevant to the ultimate characterization of the benefits.
"Although the retirement fund was noncontributory, husband’s rights to the benefits vested during marriage and constituted an integral part of his compensation for service in the military.” 10 Cal 3d at 596; 111 Cal Rptr at 371;517 P2d at 451 .
Community prоperty states are not the only jurisdictions to rule that military retirement pay is an asset of the marriage, divisible upon divorce. In
Kruger v Kruger,
139 NJ Super 413;
The Kruger Court first considered the practical and financial aspects of terming such pay as an asset of the marriage rather than income to the husband. 3 The Court then cited from a number of *704 community property cases, including Fithian, supra, which held the pay to be a marital asset.
The Kruger Court held:
"We therefore conclude that both the retired pay and disability benefits which defendant husband has become irrevocably entitled to receivе for the balance of his life constitute assets subject to equitable distribution to the extent that his entitlement thereto is based upon military service rendered during the existence of the marriage.” 139 NJ Super at 420;354 A2d at 344 .
We recognize that the result reached by the Courts in
Fithian, supra,
and
Kruger, supra,
is by no means universal. Several jurisdictions have held military retirement pay to be an equivalent to wages, thereby constituting income to the retired spouse that is unavailable for distribution in a property settlement. In
United States v Williams,
— Md App —;
In
In re Marriage of Ellis,
36 Colo App 234;
Although, as we have stated, no Michigan case has ruled specifically on this issue, the contrasting
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points of view in the previously cited cases were discussed by this Court in
Hutchins v Hutchins,
"In our research in community and noncommunity property states, we find the courts holding that state pensions, private pensions, profit-sharing trust and military pensions could be properly distributed as property under a decree of divorce.” (Emphasis added.)71 Mich App at 365 .
After discussing several оf the cases concerning military retirement pay, and cases dealing with other forms of pensions, the Hutchins Court concluded:
"Returning to the Michigan public safety department pension, accident and disability fund leads us, as do other jurisdictions with similаr statutes, to the conclusion that it also treats the accumulated deductions in the husband’s account in a manner which makes them marital property. Here, the plaintiff-husband’s interest was created in most part from his sаlary, and we agree with the defendant-wife that these deductions would have been available to the parties during their marriage to be invested in stocks, bonds, savings account, annuity and/or other investments. The plaintiff-husband’s right in thе fund is fully vested and cannot be subjected to divestment or forfeiture, except as herein noted for breach of the public trust. We also hold that it is property that came to the plaintiff by reason of the marriagе and therefore should be included in the total assets of the parties. As in New Jersey, our divorce laws make no reference to vesting. See MCLA 552.1 et seq.; MSA 25.81 et seq. Therefore, it must be included as an *706 asset in the distribution of property.”71 Mich App at 370-371 .
In the present case, we are persuaded by the decisions in Fithian, supra, Kruger, supra, and by analogy in Hutchins, supra, that defendant’s military retirement pay was correctly categorizеd as a marital asset and included within the property settlement. As the Hutchins Court states, vesting is not a relevant consideration in our divorce laws. We find, as did the Court in Fithian, that military retirement pay is primarily deferred compensatiоn for services rendered prior to retirement. This being the case, the fact that defendant did not have to contribute to a retirement pay fund does not distinguish this type of pension from that in Hutchins. Congress could have eliminatеd the retirement pay system and increased the rate of pay during active service. Since the decision was made to provide for retirement benefits, the deferred compensation was not available to the parties during defendant’s active service for use in other investments. Therefore, plaintiff, through her contribution to the marriage, obtained an interest in the marital asset of the earned retirement pay. 4 Hutchins, supra.
Defendant also contends that a decision by this Court that the retirement pay is a marital asset will conflict with the supremacy clause of the United States Constitution
5
by interfering with Congress’ exclusive power to raise and suppоrt armies. We note that this contention was answered contrary to defendant’s assertions in
In re
*707
Marriage of Fithian, supra,
10 Cal 3d at 596-599; 111 Cal Rptr at 371-373;
Defendant asserts that the division of propеrty was inequitable and that the court should not have considered fault when making the property division. Fault is still a consideration in matters of property division, notwithstanding Michigan’s no-fault divorce laws.
Kretzschmar v Kretzschmar,
Defendant finally challenges the trial сourt’s award of $650 in attorney fees to plaintiff. Again, the granting of attorney fees in a divorce action is a matter of discretion.
Gove v Gove,
Affirmed.
Costs to appellee.
Notes
Dominey v Dominey,
On retired status, the officer is subject to recall to active status, can be court-martialed for certain conduct and thereby lose the retirement pay, and is subject to various other provisions of Federal law.
See Ables v Ables,
These consideratiоns include the tax treatment of property divided upon divorce as opposed to alimony and the wife’s right to receive payments after remarriage. In addition, if the pay was treated as income, the еntire amount would be available for computation of alimony. If treated as an asset, the wife would have an interest only in that amount of pay that was earned during the years of marriage.
We note that, consistent with the decision in
In re Marriage of Fithian,
10 Cal 3d 592; 111 Cal Rptr 369;
US Const, art VI, § 2.