145 F. 137 | 7th Cir. | 1906
after stating the facts, delivered the opinion of the court.
It is contended by plaintiff in error that the location and maintenance of switch stand No. 3 was an engineering problem, and that therefore .the question as to whether plaintiff in error was negligent in that respect should not have been submitted to the jury.
It appears that the accident occurred in what are known as the “Western Avenue Yards” of the plaintiff in error; that these j'ards consist of a network of tracks, switches, and other appurtenances to railroad yards. It is manifest that, in order to secure the best results, there must be as great economy of space as is consistent with a reasonable regard to the convenience of business, such as the handling and storing of cars and locomotives, as well as to the reasonable safety of the employés. It cannot be said thát a railroad company is required to arrange its tracks and yards mainly with a view to protect its employés. The object of railroad yards is to transact the business of the company. Employés should knowingly be subjected to no greater hazards, however, than are reasonably essential to the reasonable use of the yards. It is a matter of common knowledge that these places are very dangerous, and require the exercise of great caution on the part of those there employed. Defendant in error undertook and assumed all such hazards as were reasonably incident to his work. This doctrine is well stated in Randall v. B. & O. R. Co., 109 U. S. 478, 3 Sup. Ct. 322, 27 L. Ed. 1003. The court says:
“A railroad yard, where trains are made up, necessarily has a great number of tracks and switches close to one another, and any one who enters the service of a railroad corporation, in any work connected with the making up or moving of trains, assumes the risk of that condition of things.”
Was the location and maintenance of the switch in question an engineering problem — one which was arrived at as the result of engineering skill? In the case of Tuttle v. D., G. H. & M. Ry. Co., 122 U. S. 194, 7 Sup. Ct. 1168, 30 L. Ed. 1114, the court uses this language:
“We have carefully read-the evidence presented by the bill‘of exceptions, and, although it appears that the curve was a very sharp one at the place where the accident happened, yet we do not think that public policy requires the courts to lay down any rule of law to restrict a railroad company as to the curves it shall use in its freight depots and yards, where the safety of passengers and the public is not involved; much less that it should be left to the varying and uncertain opinions of juries to determine such an engineering question. For analogous cases as to the rights of a manufacturer to choose the kind of machinery he will use in his business, see Richards v. Rough, 53 Mich. 212, 18 N. W. 785; Hayden v. Smithville Man. Co.; 29 Conn. 548, 558. The interest of railroad companies themselves is so strongly in favor of easy curves as a means of facilitating the movement of their cars that it may well be left to the discretion of their officers and engineers in what manner to construct them for the proper' transaction of their business in yards, etc. It must be a very extraordinary case, indeed, in which their discretion in this matter should be interfered with in determining their obligations to their employés. The brakemen and others employed to work in such situations must decide for themselves whether they will encounter the hazards incidental thereto; and, if they decide to do so, they must be content to assume the risks. For the views of this court in a cognate matter, see Randall v. Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 109 U. S. 478, 482, 3 Sup. Ct. 322, 27 L. Ed. 1003.”
The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania in the case of Boyd v. Harris, 176 Pa. 484, 35 Atl. 222, discussing an injury caused by a cattle chute placed in close proximity to a side track, says:
“This case presents a question, the importance of which extends far beyond the present parties, and the judgment to be entered herein. It is whether the location of 1lie permanent structures along a line of railroad, necessary to accommodate its business, is to be determined by the railroad company or by a petit jury. If by the former, they may be located with reference to the convenient and economical use of Hie railroad, and the accommodation of its traffic. If by the latter, these considerations will be lost sight of, and Hie proper location will be a shifting one, to be settled by each successive jury in accordance with its own notions and the peculiar features of the case on trial. One jury may hold a given location to be safe and proper ; the next jury may hold it to be unsafe, and therefore improper. There are many such structures necessary to the operation of a line of railroad. Among the more important of them may be mentioned tlie bridges, station houses, grain elevators, warehouses, water tanks, coal chutes, cattle chutes, signal stations, and tool houses. The position of these buildings with reference to the track of the railroad, their size, the mode of construction, must be determined with reference to their purpose, and their convenient use as a necessary part of the physical plant of the railroad company. Where they shall be placed, and how they shall be arranged, are questions that belong to the railroad company, as truly as the location of the switches and sidings, or of the track itself; and the discretion of its officers is no more under the control of a petit jury in the one case than in the other.”
The bolding of the courts in all these cases is that they are questions which belong to the railroad companies to decide, and cannot be submitted to a jury. It may then be assumed for the purposes of this hearing that the switch stand in question was part of an engineering scheme, and therefore, in the absence of those manifest errors in construction, which would be patent to an ordinary observer, did not involve a question of negligence to be passed upon by a jury.
There is nothing in the record, so far as it sets out the physical situation at the time of the accident, which would justify the court in fmdr ing, as a matter of law, that there was such an obvious and patent adjustment of the relative positions of the switch handle and the steps of the coaches running on the passenger lead as would charge either party to the suit with constructive knowledge of their dangerous relation to eacli other. The switch stand had been maintained eight years without accident. It lacked V/2 inches of standing in the middle of the 7 feet
“The fact that no accident of this kind had happened before upon the railroad, and that trains were constantly passing this chute without the development of this danger, brings it directly within the class of what we may call ‘concealed dangers.’ This danger was lurking for years without its being known. The constituent element of it was a matter of mere inches, and that, in the very nature of things, could not be detected by ordinary observation.”
If, however, the location and maintenance of the two was an engineering question, it follows that plaintiff in error knew the exact position of the two with regard to each other. The railroad company built, located, and maintained the switch stand. It built and operated the passenger lead track. It constructed the cars. They were all, it insists, parts of its yard plant. The whole situation was the result of a carefully devised plan, based upon scientific engineering principles applied to the needs of the railroad. There is no claim here that anything was out of order, or that the accident was occasioned by any defect in the switch or passenger lead not embraced within the prearranged plans of construction and maintenance. We are unable to see how plaintiff in error can escape the conclusion that it knew of the fact, that .the switch handle and car step would come into contact under certain conditions likely to arise. Under the facts of this case, defendant in error had a right to assume that the railroad company would use due care in furnishing him a reasonably safe .place in which to do his work. This rule of law is well established. In the case of Choctaw, Oklahoma & Gulf R. R. Co. v. McDade, 191 U. S. 64, 24 Sup. Ct. 24, 48 L. Ed. 96, the court says:
“Tbe servant has the right to assume that the master has used due diligence to provide suitable appliances in the operation' of his business, and he does not assume the risk of the employer’s negligence in performing such duties.”
The case of Texas & Pacific Railway Company v. Archibald, 170 U. S. 665, 18 Sup. Ct. 777, 42 L. Ed. 1188, is very emphatically in point. The court says on page 672 of 170 U. S., page 779 of 18 Sup. Ct., 42 L. Ed. 1188:
“But no reason can be found for, and no authority exists supporting, the contention that an employé, either from his knowledge of the employer’s methods of business or from a failure to use ordinary care to ascertain such methods, subjects himself to the risks of appliances being furnished which contain defects that might have been discovered by reasonable inspection. The employer, on the one hand, may rely on the fact that his employé assumes the risks usually incident to the employment. The employé, on the other, has the right to rest on the assumption that appliances furnished are free from defects discoverable by proper inspection, and is not submitted to the danger of using appliances containing such defects because of his knowledge of the general methods adopted by the employe, in carrying op his business, or because by ordinary care he might have known of the. methods, and inferred therefrom that danger of unsafe appliances might arise. The employé is not compelled to pass judgment on the emoloyer’s methods of business, or to conclude as to their adequacy. He has a fight to assume that the employer will use reasonable care to make the appliances safe, and to deal with those furnished relying on this*143 fact, subject, of course, to the exception which we have already stated by which, where an appliance is furnished an employ? in which there exists a defect known to him or plainly observable by him, he cannot recover for an injury caused by such defective appliance if, with the knowledge above stated, he negligently continues to use it. In assuming the risks of the particular service in which he engages, the employé may legally assume that the employer, by whatever rule he elects to conduct his business, will fulfill his legal duty by making reasonable efforts to furnish appliances reasonably safe for the purposes for which they are intended; and, while this does' not justify an employé in using an appliance which he knows to be defective, or relieve him from observing patent defects therein, it obviously does not compel him to know or investigate the employer's methods of business, under the penalty, if he does not do so, of taking the risk of the employer’s fault in furnishing him unsafe appliances. * * * ‘Those [hazards! not obvious assumed by the employé are such perils as exist after the master has used due care and precaution to guard the former against danger. And the defective condition of structures or appliances which, by the exercise of reasonable care of the master, may be obviated, and from the consequences of which he is relieved from responsibility to the servant by reason of the latter’s knowledge of the situation, is such as is apparent to his observation. Kain v. Smith, 89 N. Y. 375; McGovern v. Central Vermont Railroad, 123 N. Y. 280, 25 N. E. 373.’ In Missouri Pac. Railway v. Lehmberg, 75 Tex. 61, 67, 12 S. W. 838, 840, the court considered a refusal to give a requested instruction, that if there were ‘any patent defects in the engine or tank, and deceased knew, or might by ordinary diligence have known, of same, and said defects caused or contributed to the injuries complained of, the jury should find for the defendant.’ The court said: ‘Without now considering the question whether the rule in this respect charges an employé with knowledge of defects, except with regard to such appliances or instruments as he is engaged himself in using, we think it sufficient to say that the law does not, under any circumstances, exact of him the use of diligence in ascertaining such defects, but charges him with knowledge of such only as are open to his observation. Beyond that he has the right to presume, without inquiry or investigation, that his employer has discharged his duty of furnishing him with safe and proper instruments and appliances.’ ”
The evidence shows that defendant in error never was told of the danger that existed in throwing the switch, that he did not know of the same, and that the same was not open and obvious. The rule rule of law which requires a servant to exercise diligence and care to discover dangers does not apply here. “Upon this question,” .says Lhe court in Choctaw, O. & G. R. R. Co. v. McDade. supra, “the true test is not in the exercise of care to discover danger, but whether the defect is known or plainly observable by the employé.” It being dear that defendant in error did not know and was not chargeable with knowledge of the danger involved in working the switch, it follows that plaintiff in error was guilty of negligence in not advising defendant in error thereof, thus putting him upon notice. If this be true, then it is a matter of no consequence that the trial court may have overstated the duty of plaintiff in error toward defendant iu error, or, indeed, as is insisted, that an engineering question may have been erroneously submitted to the jury. The duty of plaintiff in error towards defendant in error could be discharged only by the communication to defendant in error of its knowledge of the situation, and, upon its failure so lo do, a legal conclusion of negligence on the part of the railroad company arises, which entitles defendant in error to recover for the injury unless the jury finds that he has been guilty of contributory negligence, or that the danger
Further discussion of the other assignments of error raised by plaintiff in error is not necessary. No prejudicial error appearing upon the record, the judgment of the lower court is affirmed.