64 F. 314 | 6th Cir. | 1894
after stating the facts as above, delivered the opinion of the court.
The ruling under which the book kept by the witness McFadden was admitted as evidence seems to have been rested upon the ground that the evidence afforded by Mr. McFadden’s entries was the best evidence of the facts sought to be proven which it was in the power of the plaintiffs to produce. It is true that the book is one which had been kept by the witness, and the entries offered had been all made by him. But it is equally true that the data upon which those entries had been made had been obtained from another, and that the witness had no such personal knowledge as to the correctness of these data as to enable him to say anything more than that he had correctly recorded the results obtained from data furnished by another. McFadden’s book was not even a copy of the temporary memoranda made by Foley. Foley’s data constituted a detailed statement as to the number, length, and lumber contents of each log placed in the river during the day; while the book entry showed only the aggregate lumber contents of the logs, ascertained by adding together the separate contents of each log as noted on the tally board. The mere fact that a temporary entry is made on a slate, or by chalk scores, or, as in this case, by pencil memoranda on tally boards, for the purpose of convenience and aiding the memory until a book entry could be made at the close of the day, would not operate to deprive such
"There is no doubt that hooks of accounts, kept, in the usual and regular course of business, when supplemented by the oath of the parly who kept them, may be admitted in evidence,” etc.
lie adds:
"But whether this rule extends to memoranda made by a witness contemporaneously with the event they purport to record is opon to very considerable doubt, courts and elementary writers being about equally divided on the subject. 1 G-reonl. Ev. § 437. note ,‘l; 1 Smith, Lead. Cas. (Gth Am. Ed.) ños, 510. In New York they are hold to be admissible. Halsey v. Sinse-*318 baugh, 15 N. Y. 485. The cases in Massachusetts apparently favor a different view. Com. v. Fox, 7 Gray, 585; Duggan v. Mahoney, 11 Allen, 572; Com. v. Ford, 130 Mass. 64; Com. v. Jeffs, 132 Mass. 5.”
The hook involved is not what the common-law rule denominates a “tradesman’s hook.” In no true sense was it a hook of accounts at all. At most it purports to contain memoranda made contemporaneously with the fact which they purport to record. That fact is the aggregate lumber contents of the logs placed in the river on each of a series of days from a lumber camp above the sawmills of the company for which they had been cut. If admissible as independent evidence at all, it must be, not because the book is technically an account book, but upon some rule making memoranda made by a witness admissible as independent evidence of the truth of the facts thus recorded.
The case of Chaffee v. U. S., 18 Wall. 516, is much in point, inasmuch as the certificate book there received as evidence was subject to the objection that it was not strictly a book of accounts, nor was it kept by one who personally knew the correctness of the facts recorded. There,’ as here, the memoranda were based o.u data furnished by others. The court in that case said that for the admissibility of such entries the rule required, “not merely that they shall be contemporaneous with the facts to which they relate, but shall be made by parties having personal knowledge of the facts, and be corroborated by their testimony, if living and accessible, or by proof of their handwriting, if dead or insane, or beyond the reach of the process or commission of the court.” It added: “This knowledge of the party making the entry is essential to its admissibility.” Id. 541. In Insurance Co. v. Weide, 9 Wall. 677, the suit was for the value of a stock of goods destroyed by fire. The stock inventories had been destroyed, as well as some of the books of accounts. A daybook and ledger were offered in evidence, and a memorandum on the fly leaf of the ledger, containing an abstract from the lost inventories. The books and this fly-leaf memorandum were admitted in evidence. Mr. Justice Nelson, in an opinion sustaining the ruling, saying:
“There can be no doubt but the daybooks and ledger, the entries upon which were testified to be correct by the persons who made them, were properly admitted. They would not have been evidence, per so, but, with the evidence accompanying, them all, objection was removed.”
The abstract on the fly leaf was also held admissible, proof of the loss of the original inventories being made, and the correctness of the facts shown by the memorandum having been testified to by the plaintiff who made the entry.
But it is argued that Foley could not be found, and that, therefore, the memoranda made upon his knowledge were admissible. This contention is sought to be supported by the rule stated by Mr. Justice Field, and heretofore quoted. The observation of Mr. Justice Story in Nicholls v. Webb, 8 Wheat. 331, is also thought to justify such an extension of the rule of evidence. That observation quite meets our approval. It was this:
“The rules of evidence are of great importance, and cannot be departed from, without endangering private as well as public rights. Courts of law*319 are, therefore, extremely cautious in the introduction of any now doctrines of evidence which trench upon old and established principles. Still, however, it is obvious that, as the rules of evidence are founded upon general interest and convenience, they must, from time to time, admit of modiii cations, to adapt them to the actual condition and business of men, or they would work manifest injustice.”
When the principle so well stated by Judge Story is invoked to induce an extension of the rules of evidence relating to books of accounts, it should be borne in mind that, since the parties to a suit are no longer incompetent as witnesses, books of account are deprived of much of the peculiar significance which formerly at! ached to them. It was always competent for a litigant to call his clerk or other stranger, who had personal knowledge of the correctness of the book entry, to testify, using the book, if the witness had kept it, as a means of refreshing his memory. So in this case Foley was a competent witness to the correctness of the memoranda shown by the tally boards. Bid the book kept by McFadden become competent independent evidence because Foley could not be found and produced as a witness? There is nothing, when rightly understood, in either Chaffee v. U. S., or Nicholls v. Webb, which will justify such a conclusion. In the case last cited the question was whether the book kept by a notary public, showing his action upon commercial paper placed in his hands to he protested, could be used as evidence of the facts there recorded by the notary after bis death. The opinion was by Mr. Justice Story, and the rule concerning such books was thus stated:
“We think it a safe principle tliat memoranda made by a person in the ordinary course of his business, or acts or matters which his duty in such business requires him to do for others, in case of his death, are admissible evidence of the acts and matters so done. It is, of course, liable to be impugned by other evidence, and to be encountered by any presumptions or facts which diminish the credibility or certainty. A, fortiori, we think the acts of a public officer, like a notary public, admissible, although they may not be strictly official, if they are according to the customary business of his office, since he acts as a sworn officer, and is clothed with public authority and confidence.” 8 Wheat. 330.
Now, if Mr. McFadden had made these entries from his own personal knowledge, the book might have been competent evidence for the plaintiff, upon evidence of that fact and of the further fact that he was “dead or insane, or beyond the reach of the process or commission of the court.” In this case, McFadden knew nothing of the correctness of the facts which he recorded. His death or absence could not make admissible evidence which was inadmissible if be were present. As the entries were not made by Foley at all, the hook not being one kept by him, his declarations, either written or verbal, were incompetent as supplementing a book which he had not kept. To extend the admissibility of books founded on the declaration of absent or dead witnesses is not authorized by decided cases, and would not be justified by our idea of a wise policy. The failure of the appellees to produce Foley was doubtless due to their great laches in bringing this suit; several years having elapsed after tlieir action accrued before this suit was begun. Their negligence should not operate to place their adversaries under all the disad
