Chesney v. Chesney

33 Utah 503 | Utah | 1908

UNION, J.

Tbe respondent commenced this action in tbe district court of Davis county by filing ber complaint in words and figures as follows: “Tbeplaintiff complains, and alleges: (1) That on tbe 25th day of August, 1902, at Salt Lake City, Dtab, tbe defendant was indebted to tbe plaintiff in tbe sum of $6,009.-20. (2) That tbe said defendant, to secure tbe payment of tbe- said principal sum and interest tbereon at 8 per cent, per annum from said date, did execute, under bis band and seal, and deliver to said plaintiff, a certain deed bearing date August 25, 1902, conveying to this plaintiff tbe following named and described real estate situated and being in Davis county, state of Utah, to wit'[describing it], wbicb said deed -was duly acknowledged and certified so as to entitle it to be recorded, and tbe same was afterwards, to wit, <?n tbe 28tb day of August, 1902, duly recorded in tbe office of the county recorder’ of the county of Davis, state of Utah, in Book P of Deeds, on page 516. Tbe copy of said deed with tbe in-dorsements thereof is hereto annexed, marked ‘Exhibit A,’ and made a part of this complaint. (3) That said deed was executed and delivered by tbe defendant to tbe plaintiff as security for $6,009.20, together with interest at eight per cent, per annum from August 25, 1902, and that no part of said sum has been paid by tbe defendant to the plaintiff, and that there is now due and owing from tbe defendant to tbe plaintiff, including interest to this date upon said principal sum, tbe total amount of $7,491.59. (4) Plaintiff further alleges that said warranty deed was given by defendant to this plaintiff conveying said described real estate as a mortgage to secure said indebtedness. (5) Plaintiff alleges that on the 25th day of August, 1902, at Salt Lake City, Utah, she executed in writing an agreement agreeing to convey said described real estate to the defendant herein on or before three years from said date upon bis payment to this plaintiff of tbe sum of $6,009.20, together with interest at eight per cent, per annum from said date. A true and correct copy of said agreement is hereto attached, marked ‘Exhibit B,’ and by reference made a part of this complaint. (6) Plaintiff further alleges that defendant has wholly failed to pay the said sum of $6,009.20, together with the interest thereon from said date or any part thereof, and has wholly failed to comply with the terms and conditions of said written agreement, and that all his rights under the terms of said' written agreement have ceased and are determined, time being of the essence of said contract. (7) Plaintiff alleges that her lien ¿nd claim on said described premises is a first and prior lien to all claims of every person or persons whatever. Wherefore the plaintiff prays judgment against the said defendant: (1) Por the sum of $7,491.59, with interest at the rate of eight per cent per annum from this 11th day of June, 1906, and for' costs of suit.” The respondent also prayed for a foreclosure of the mortgage, for a sale of the property, and for general relief. The following are the exhibits referred to’ in the complaint: Exhibit A: “Warranty Deed.' James Chesney, grantor, of Salt Lake City, county of Salt Lake, state of Utah, hereby conveys and warrants to Annie W. Chesney (wife of said James Chesney, grantor) grantee, of the same place, for the sum of ten thousand dollars, the following described tract of land in Davis county, Utah: [Describing it.] Witness,” etc. Exhibit B: “Salt Lake City, Utah, August 25, 1902. For value received, I hereby agree that upon the payment to me of the sum of $6,009.20, with interest thereon at eight per cent, per annum, payable quarterly from this date, on or before three years from this date, I will convey to James Chesney, his heirs or assigns, by deed •warranting against all claiming under me, the following land in Davis county, Utah, to wit: [Describing it.] If interest is delinquent three months after due, this contract ceases and determines. The said James Chesney is to pay all taxes on said land during the life of this agreement. Time is of the essence of this contract. In duplicate. Annie W. Ches-ney.” To this complaint the appellant interposed a demurrer (1) that the complaint does not state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action; and (2) that the complaint is uncertain with regard to the alleged indebtedness. The demurrer was overruled and the appellant answered. A trial was had to the court which resulted in findings and judgment in favor of respondent, and hence this appeal.

The principal error assigned and relied on in the brief of counsel for appellant, .and on the oral argument, .relates to the ruling of the court upon the demurrer. It is contended that the complaint is fatally defective, in that the facts therein stated do not constitute a cause of action against appellant, and that therefore it affords no support for the judgment. [Respondent’s counsel invokes the rule stated in section 2986,'. [Revised Statutes 1898, which provides:

“In the construction of a pleading for the purpose of determining its etleet. its allegations must be liberally construed, with a view to substantial justice between the parties.”

This is a most salutary rule, and no doubt is intended to be applied in all eases of doubtful pleadings. Bbt it was intended that the rule should be applied so as.to promote “justice between the parties,” and not in favor of one only. To construe the allegations of the complaint in case of serious doubt of its sufficiency so as to make it sufficient may be very desirable for the plaintiff, but may work a serious hardship, if not an irreparable injury, to the defendant, . The purposes of written pleadings are well stated by Mr. Phillips, in his excellent work on Code Pleadings, sec. 356, in the following language:

“(1) To show to the court that there is prima facie occasion for judicial interposition; (2) to disclose and formulate any resulting contention inter partes; and (3) to predefine the nature and scope of the trial.”

To comply with these purposes, it is necessary that the pleader state in plain and concise language the ultimate facts that constitute the cause of action or the defense thereto. These facts must likewise be stated with sufficient circum-stantiality to apprise the opposite party of just what is claimed, so that be may answer it and prepare to meet it at tbe trial. In view of wbat bas been said, does tbe complaint' state a cause of action? Tbe first paragraph of tbe complaint is as follows: “That on tbe 25tb day of August, 1902, at Salt Lake City, Utah, tbe defendant was indebted to tbe plaintiff in tbe sum of $6,009.20.” Tbis is a statement of a mere legal conclusion, which can neither be admitted by demurrer nor denied by answer. In 12 Ency. PI. & Pr. 1042,' tbe rule with regard to legal conclusions is stated thus:

“A general allegation of indebtedness is but the statement of a legal eonelusion and insufficient. All the material facts from which the indebtedness arose, and of which proof will be necessary, must besot out for the guidance of the other side.”

In Camplin v. Eads, 24 S. W. 1068, tbe Court of Appeals of Kentucky in passing upon the sufficiency of tbe allegation of indebtedness in a counterclaim states tbe rule in tbe syllabus as follows: “No defense is stated by an allegation that plaintiff is indebted to defendant in a certain sum when the origin or nature of the indebtedness is not stated.” In Cal: State Tel. Co. v. Patterson, 1 Nev. 150, tbe Supreme Court of Nevada in passing upon tbis question, at page 157, says:

“It [the complaint] alleges that ‘on the 17th day of October, A. D. 1864, at Carson City, in said county of Ormsby, the said defendant became indebted to the said plaintiff in the sum of $400, for so much money, at or before that time had and received, and in consideration thereof, then and there promised to pay the said sum when thereunto requested.’ Then follows the allegation that, though requested, the defendant had refused to pay, etc. A complaint so general, uncertain, and inartistic we think would not, even in the most liberal practice observed under the Code, be held good on general demurrer. The allegation that defendant became indebted to- the plaintiff is simply a statement of a conclusion of law. The facts out of which the indebtedness arose should have been stated.”

In Hall v. Southmayd, 15 Barb. (N. Y.) 32, it is beld that “it is not sufficient to allege that tbe defendant is indebted to tbe plaintiff in a certain sum.” In Bailey v. Richmond, 49 Super. Ct. (N. Y.) 519, a demurrer was sustained to a complaint wbicb merely stated tbat defendant was indebted to plaintiff upon tbe ground that this was a statement of a legal conclusion., In Pelton v. Bemis, 44 Ohio St. 58, 4 N. E. 116, the Supreme Court of Ohio, after discussing when legal conclusions under certain conditions may be sufficient in a pleading, concludes as follows:

“But we know of no ease, and certainly none has keen cited, that has gone to the length of holding that an averment that the defendant is indebted to the plaintiff would support a recovery in any instance.”

In Roeder, Peabody & Co. v. Brown, 1 Wash. T. 112, the .following allegations contained in a counterclaim were held insufficient, namely: “That during the winter of 1854 plaintiff became indebted to these defendants in the sum of $200 for services rendered and in the further, sum of $100 for cash advanced at different times during said period, all at the special instance and request of said plaintiff.” In Gray v. Kendall, 10 Abb. Prac. (N. Y.) 66, there is a full discussion of the identical question involved in this case, and the court makes it very clear why such a statement is a mere conclusion, that it is of no force or effect in any pleading, and that it cannot support a judgment. The follqwing authorities all support the contention of appellant: Lienan v. Lincoln, 2 Duer (N. Y.) 670; Bliss on Code Pleading, secs. 310-312; Phillips on Code Pleading, secs. 345, 347; Mayor, etc., v. Signoret, 50 Cal. 298; Moore v. Hobbs, 79 N. C. 535; Shafer v. B. R. & A. W. & M. Co., 4 Cal. 294. The action . in the case last cited was for the foreclosure of a mortgage which, as in this case, was ostensibly given to secure an antecedent indebtedness. The allegations are very similar to those in this case, and the mortgage is set out in the complaint. The -mortgage contains recitals of the indebtedness and the time and manner of payment. The court, however, held -that the complaint was wholly insufficient to authorize a recovery and reversed the judgment which was based upon a verdict of the jury after full trial.

It seems almost like a work of supererogation to adduce further authorities in support of the contention- that the allega•tions in the first paragraph of the complaint are mere con-elusions of law, and thus cannot be permitted to perform the functions of a statement of facts. In what way does such a statement apprise the defendant of anything? Out of what transaction or transactions did the alleged indebtedness arise: Did it originate in contract or in tort? Does it arise upon an express or an implied promise? Was the obligation a •primary or a secondary one? When was any promise made, if at all, and what were the circumstances that induced it? Was there any consideration for the alleged indebtedness ? If so, what was it ? Surely the making of a promise, if one was made, the consideration therefor, and the circumstances showing the nature of the transaction could all have been stated in a very few sentences so as to apprise both the court and the appellant upon what the claim of respondent was founded. It was necessary to allege these matters for two purposes, namely, to confer power upon the court to enforce an existing obligation if there were one, and to apprise the appellant of the claim made against him so that he might either deny or confess and avoid, or interpose some other legal defense thereto. Assuming that the defendant had filed a general denial to such a complaint, in what way could any one determine the nature or character of the indebtedness that was adjudicated in the action by recourse to the pleadings ? Could any one plead former adjudication to any matter in such a complaint ? Would it not cover a claim arising in tort as well as one upon contract either express or implied? If, therefore, the defendant answered in any subsequent action by pleading prior adjudication to one kind of a claim, the plaintiff could reply that it was another kind that was in issue, and not the one relied on by the defendant. It does not help matters any to say that the character of the claim litigated in the former action might be identified by the evidence adduced at the trial. It may be that there was no trial; but, even if there was, the issues must be found in and defined by the pleadings, and the scope of the investigation only is found in the evidence. We have very recently passed upon the necessity for clear and specific statements in pleadings in the case of Pugmire v. O. S. L. Ry. Co., 92 Pac. 762. It is there held that such statements are required so that the defendant may be apprised of wbat be is expected to meet at tbe trial. In tbe case of Baily v. Leishman, 89 Pac. 18, we bave likewise very recently beld that allegations will be liberally construed where such a construction cannot mislead, and when it fairly apprises tbe opposite party of tbe matters in issue. It is there pointed out that certain facts, while not specifically alleged, may yet be clearly inferred from other alleged facts. But such inference must be deduced from facts which are alleged, and not from mere legal conclusions. Legal conclusions in a pleading are stillborn for all purposes, where they are stated in the place of ultimate facts.

But it is contended that the allegations contained in the other paragraphs of the complaint supply the defects in the first paragraph. Is this contention tenable? In paragraph 2 there is no statement of any fact except that a certain deed was executed to secure the indebtedness mentioned in the first paragraph. There is no allegation of any fact showing any promise, obligation, or consideration in this paragraph. Paragraph 3 adds nothing to what is contained in paragraph 2, except the legal conclusion that there is a certain sum now due and owing from defendant to plaintiff. “If the contract showing its terms and conditions had been pleaded wherein the promise and consideration therefor were made to appear, then the conclusion that it was “due and owing” might have been permissible; but it cannot be made to> do service as a statement of a promise and the consideration upon which such promise rests. Paragraph 4, at most, is a mere repetition of what is already stated in paragraphs 2 and 8. There is no allegation of any promise or obligation that the appellant made or assumed in paragraph 5; and in paragraph 6 there is likewise no allegation of any fact, except that appellant did not avail himself of what respondent offered to do as alleged in that paragraph. Paragraph 1 is merely surplusage in view that there were no other parties to the action, and no claims or liens involved.

But it is urged that the alleged indebtedness was merged in the deed and option agreement which is referred to in the complaint as Exbibit B, and that, therefore, the original consideration or transactions were not required to be stated. It is quite true that, if open accounts, or other claims arising out of mutual transactions, are merged in a promissory note, or into any written evidence of the indebtedness, it is sufficient to declare upon the claim in the latter form. In case of a negotiable promissory note or instrument for the payment of money under seal, no consideration need be alleged, since the law implies a consideration. If we assume that in exe-' cuting the deed in this case the consideration is implied so as ■to support the pasing of the title, still we know of no rule of law that would imply that the grantor in the deed thereby agreed or assumed to pay to the grantee therein the sum of money expressed in the deed as a consideration therefor. If we indulged such a presumption in this case, we would have to presume that the debt amounted to $10,000, and not $Y,-491.59. Neither the existence of an obligation nor the agree•ment to pay can, therefore, be presumed or implied from the mere execution of the deed. If such a promise was made, it would have to be alleged and proved or some facts stated from which the1 promise would be inferred as a fact or implied as a matter of law. The allegations are that the deed was given to secure a certain antecedent indebtedness. It was therefore a mortgage merely to secure a debt. The debt was not merged in the mortgage. The debt is the principal thing, and the. mortgage a mere incident which passes with the principal thing. Without a valid debt there could be no valid mortgage, regardless of the solemnity of its execution or the form thereof! In an action to foreclose a mortgage given to secure n debt or obligation, it must be made to appear by proper averments that there is an existing obligation to pay, precisely the same as though the action were instituted to obtain a personal judgment merely. Where there is no-right to a personal judgment in ease the mortgage is given as security for the payment of money only, there can be no right to foreclose or subject the property to the payment of the alleged debt or obligation until the right to a judgment in law is made to appear from the complaint. Under the circumstances disclosed by the allegations of this complaint, an allegation stating the consideration passing between the parties out of which the alleged indebtedness arose was necessary. (Phillips on Code Pleading, see. 327.) ’Prom this it is clear that the allegations contained in the several paragraphs of the complaint with regard to the giving of the deed and its purpose in no way cured the defect in the first paragraph. Neither does the option agreement referred to as Exhibit B aid the complaint in this regard. By the terms of that instrument the appellant was given the option to obtain a reconveyance of the property therein described by paying the sum of money therein specified within the time stated. There is no promise stated upon his part that he will do so, or, in the event of his not doing so, he will do anything else. Nor is there any allegation in the complaint that the agreement set forth in Exhibit B was anything else than an option, nor that it did not contain or express the full agreement of the'parties. All this is left to be inferred from the statement that the deed was, in fact, a mortgage. It is an elementary rule of pleading that the essential averments of the pleading oannot be supplied in this way. The rule is well stated by the Supreme Court of California in the syllabus of the case of Mayor, etc., v. Signoret, supra, in the following language:

“Matters of substance, which are necessary to he alleged in a complaint, cannot he left out, and the defect supplied by reference to an exhibit attached to and made a part of the complaint.”

If this is permitted at all, it must be so by force of some statute. In the complaint proper in. this case there is no allegation of any promise to pay at any time. There are no facts alleged from which such a promise may be inferred or implied, for the reason that no consideration for the alleged indebtedness is stated, and there are no facts alleged from which a breach of any agreement or obligation made or assumed by appellant may be inferred. As is well said in Richards v. Travelers’ Ins. Co., 80 Cal. 506, 22 Pac. 940: “A party suing upon a contract to pay money must show a breach of the contract, or his complaint states no cause of action.” As we have already pointed out, if the complaint bad alleged a consideration and promise or obligation on tbe part of appellant, and when tbe promise or obligation matured, then tbe statement tbat it was due and owing when tbe complaint was filed, although in form a conclusion, would still be sufficient. If tbe promisor or obligor relied upon an extension of time, be.would have to set this forth as a defense in bis answer. But tbe allegation tbat there is “due and owing” cannot supply tbe defects we have attempted to point out. The court should have sustained tbe demurrer to tbe complaint.

Respondent, however, insists tbat although tbe demurrer should have been sustained when it was interposed for defects in tbe complaint, nevertheless, such defects having been cured by tbe answer, therefore tbe judgment is supported by tbe pleadings. This rule has so often been enforced, and its application has become so general, tbat it may be said to be an elementary rule of practice. Tbe appellant has, however, attempted to avoid tbe application of tbe rule in this case by a statement in bis answer to the effect tbat be in no way waives any rights under tbe demurrer, but answers subject thereto. Tbe statement is apparently based on section 2965, Rev. St. 1898, which provides: “The pleading over to any action after tbe overruling of a demurrer shall not be deemed or considered a waiver of tbe demurrer.” While this section is one not generally found in the code states, we are nevertheless of the opinion tbat it cannot be made available to tbe extent that matters set forth in tbe answer may not be so stated as to cure substantive defects in the complaint. In other words, if there be a defect of substance in tbe complaint, by reason of which no cause of action is stated, and tbe answer supplies this defect, the defendant may not avail himself of tbe defect in the complaint after verdict and judgment. If be desires to rely upon the demurrer after answer, be must be careful not to supply tbe defects in tbe complaint by the averments in bis answer. As to whether a judgment is supported by tbe pleadings depends, not upon tbe allegations in tbe complaint alone, but upon a reasonable construction of. all tbe pleadings when considered together.

Are tbe defects of tbe complaint cured by any averments contained in appellant’s answer? Tbe only averments in appellant’s answer tbat in any way can be said to bave any bearing upon tbis question are tbe following: “He denies, each and every allegation contained in paragraphs 1 and 6 of tbe complaint of tbe plaintiff herein; and further denies each and every allegation contained in paragraph 3 of said complaint, except tbat tbe deed mentioned in paragraph-2, and referred to in paragraph 3, was given .by said defendant to said plaintiff as security to secure an indebtedness then existing between the said defendant and said plaintiff, not to exceed tbe sum of forty-six hundred dollars ($4,600.-00).” Here are two denials and one affirmative statement in tbe nature of an admission. Tbis statement, however, defines and qualifies tbe nature and extent of tbe admission. What is the fair import of tbe language used, in view tbat tbe admission expressly refers to the deed ? Tbe deed to which tbe admission refers is alleged in paragraph 2 of tbe complaint to bave been executed August 25, 1902, to secure tbe sum of money for which plaintiff in paragraph 1 says defendant “was indebted to plaintiff on said 25th day of August, 1902.” Here we bave an allegation, not of a present or existing, but of a past, indebtedness, namely, tbat tbe defendant on August 25, 1902, was — not tbat be now is — indebted to tbe plaintiff. Tbe admission is tbat the deed “was given by said defendant to said plaintiff as security to secure an indebtedness then existing between the said defendant and said plaintiff.” (Italics ours.) This is not an admission tbat there- is any indebtedness presently existing. It simply admits tbat an indebtedness existed on August 25, 1902. If paragraph 1 of plaintiff’s complaint can in any possible way be construed so as to cover a present indebtedness, then tbat present indebtedness is denied by tbe defendant in bis general denial of paragraph 1 of tbe complaint. True, tbis general denial is restricted by tbe qualified admission following tbe general denial. Tbis admission certainly does not expressly ad1-xrát tbe agreement on the part of the defendant to pay the indebtedness then existing, and, if such a promise to pay at some time be implied from the admission, the time when payment is to be made certainly is not implied.

Assuming that there was' nothing else in the answer except what we have set forth above, and for the purpose of determining the question now under consideration such assumption must be taken as true, would the court be authorized to enter a judgment on these pleadings for the amount or for any amount claimed by the plaintiff? That it would not seems too clear to admit of much doubt. If this be so, how did the answer cure the defects in the complaint? If A. alleges that on a certain day he sold and delivered to B. a( horse for the sum of $300, and that B., to1 secure said sum, executed a mortgage to A., it is clear that A. states no cause of action against B. Now, suppose B. answers, and denies A.’s statement, but by an affirmative statement admits the sale and delivery of a horse for $75 only, and also admits the execution of a mortgage to secure the latter sum — does the complaint and answer together state a cause of action? It certainly does not, unless the delict of B. is implied from the combined statements contained in the complaint and answer. Mr. Pomeroy, in his excellent work entitled “Code Remedies,”’ states the essential elements of a good cause of action clearly and tersely thus:

“Every judicial action must, therefore, involve the following elements: A primary right possessed by the plaintiff, and a corresponding primary duty devolving upon the defendant; a delict or wrong done by the defendant which consisted in a breach of such primary right and duty; a remedial right in favor of the plaintiff; and a remedial duty resting on the defendant springing from this delict.” (Pomeroy’s Code Remedies (3d Ed.), sec. 453; Phillips on Code Pleading, sec. 32.)

There certainly is no express allegation in the complaint, nor any direct statement or admission in the answer, which shows any delict on the part of the defendant. In the absence of this, there is no cause of action stated in the complaint, nor is this defect cured by anything contained in the answer. But, if we should be wrong in this conclusion, and it be conceded that the admission or statements in the answer supply the defects in the complaint, the judgment still cannot stand. The judgment is for $8,292.69, while the admission of the defendant, if it be taken as such, is only for $4,600. The judgment also directs a sale of the property, with directions to apply the proceeds derived from the land to the payment of the larger sum mentioned, when there is no cause of action stated or admitted in any event for more than $4,600. The defect, therefore, if cured at all, is not cured to the extent of the amount of the judgment entered by the court.

It is not necessary to discuss the other errors complained of. With few exceptions, all are covered by what has been said. Those that are not covered will not likely arise again after the pleadings have been amended and reformed.

The judgment is therefore reversed, with directions to the district court to grant a new trial, and permit the parties to amend their pleadings if they desire to do so, and to proceed with the case in accordance with the views herein expressed. Appellant to recover costs.

McCABTY, C. J., concurs. STRATJP, J., concurs in the result.