136 Va. 237 | Va. | 1923
delivered the opinion of the court.
Peeler Mizelle, hereafter called the plaintiff, recovered of the plaintiff in error, hereafter called the company, for the loss of one of his eyes while employed by the company in its machine shops at Richmond. He was a machinist with seventeen years experience, and was at the time, April 19, 1920, at work upon a new frame upon an engine which had been shopped for repairs. The frame of an engine is that part to which most of its working parts are attached in one way or another, is very heavy and bears a large portion of the weight of the engine. The plaintiff thus describes the occurrence upon which his action is based:
“I was drilling some new holes in the frame. There were nine holes on each side, and they were one and nine thirty-second inches in diameter. I drilled four and was drilling the fifth one when the accident happened. The drill hung just as it started to go through this hole that I was drilling. I tried to work the drill loose. Of course, when it hangs it stalls the motor and stops. I caught hold of the handles. Usually by pulling up on the motor and giving it a new force it will sometimes pull the drill loose and it will go on cutting then; sometimes it doesn’t. If it doesn’t, it only tightens the drill more into the metal. I was unable to work it loose in the usual manner. I looked over the frame to see how much of the point of the drill was sticking through. I saw it was just about an eighth of an inch, just through the edge on the outside part of the frame. I took my hammer and hit a lick, and a piece of the drill flew off and struck me in the eye.”
The negligence charged is the failure of the company to provide a soft hammer for the plaintiff in connection with his work, or to give him any information as to where such a hammer could be procured. This is denied and the testimony is conflicting on this point.
' The declaration contains three counts, one of which ■alleges that at the time of the injury the plaintiff was engaged in intrastate commerce,- another that he was at that time engaged in- interstate commerce. ' The third count alleges that it was the- duty of the company to protect the plaintiff against such accidents and casualties as might be reasonably foreseen and prevented, and not to expose him to risks and dangers resulting therefrom or beyond those incident to the employment and within the contemplation of the parties at the time of the contract of service, and especially to instruct” the plaintiff, and establish, promulgate and enforce such proper rules and regulations for the work in which he was engaged as to enable the plaintiff to avoid injury, and avers that he was negligently and carelessly furnished with unsafe, insufficient and unsuitable tools, equipment, appliances and instrumentalities for his work.
The facts with reference to the engine upon which the plaintiff was working at the time of his injury are thus agreed:
“Engine No. 99, prior to being shopped as herein stated, was an extra passenger engine and ran on the-Peninsular, Rivanna and Piedmont districts in Virginia wherever necessary to reheve one of the regular engines. It was shopped April 1, 1920, for general repairs and left the shops May 27, 1920, being out of service two months. ■ The last run this engine made prior to being shopped was on March 25th, when it ran extra from Newport News, Va., to Richmond, Va., handling a supply train for points along the route in the State of Virginia and elsewhere, consisting of a stationery car, two oil cars and one store car. This train had supplies-in these cars and came'to Richmond, Va., and from Richmond, Va., this train went west on the James River division on March 26th. The stationery was loaded for entire system as far as Cincinnati and is handled by this supply train. In addition to the above cars, they have several box cars in the train loaded with track material, same being loaded at Huntington. The first run engine No. 99 made after being shopped was on May 29th, when it went from Richmond, Va., to Providence Forge, Va., light on a trial trip. Ón May 30th this engine was put in service on passenger trains 15 and 20, between Newport News, Va., and Richmond, Va. Trains 15 and 20, Peninsular district, carry a full express car and handle express every day except Sunday. This express car stops at Richmond, Va., but through express is transferred at Richmond, Va., from one train, to another.”
In Shanks v. Delaware, Lackawanna & Western R. Co., 239 U. S. 556, 60 L. Ed. 436, 36 Sup. Ct. 188, L. R. A. 1916C, 797, it appeared that an employee in a railway machine shop, operated for repairing parts of locomotives which were used both in interstate and intrastate transportation, was injured while taking down and putting into a new location in such shop an overhead countershaft, through which power was to be communicated to machinery used in the shop. It was held that such an employee was not engaged in interstate commerce, within the meaning of the act.
In Minneapolis & St. Louis R. Co. v. Winters, 242 U. S. 353, 61 L. Ed. 358, 37 Sup. Ct. 170, Ann. Cas. 1918B, 54, it appeared that a machinist’s helper, while he was engaged in making repairs upon an engine in a roundhouse which had been used in hauling freight trains carrying both interstate and intrastate freight, and which was used in the same way after the injury, was not then employed in interstate commerce within the meaning of the act. This is there said: “The plaintiff was making repairs upon an engine. This engine ‘had been used in the hauling of freight trains over the defendant’s line * * which freight trains
The principle enforced in the Winters Case apparently expresses the deliberate and final judgment of the Supreme Court of the United States upon facts similar to those we have here, for this has certainly been since then twice indicated. The memorandum opinion in Chicago, Kalamazoo & S. Ry. Co. v. Kindlesparker, 246 U. S. 658, 62 L. Ed. 925, 30 Sup. Ct. 425, reverses the same case below (148 C. C. A. 17, 234 Fed. 1), upon the authority of the Winters Case, supra. The recent case of Industrial Accident Commission of California v. Payne, Agent, etc., May 29, 1922, 259 U. S. 182, 42 Sup. Ct. 489, 66 L. Ed. 888, grew out of an injury to an employee, who both before and after his injury was en
So that, following the final authority upon the ■question, it is perfectly apparent here that this plaintiff, working upon this engine so withdrawn from commerce, was not engaged in interstate commerce or within the provisions of the Federal act.
This being apparent, it follows that his case is •controlled by the State law, which has full force and ■effect. What then is the State law? The pertinent statutes are Code, sections 5791, 5792 and 5793.
It is argued with some plausibility and much insistence that inasmuch as under the Federal decisions it appears that this plaintiff was not engaged in interstate commerce, and hence that the State law.controls, it therefore follows that he was engaged in intrastate commerce, because there are only two kinds of commerce. The answer to this is obvious, and has already been indicated. He was not engaged in either kind of commerce within the meaning of either of the statutes. Both statutes express the limitation imposed, but it would be difficult to apply such limitation if any other construction were adopted. There are few occupations which are not intimately connected with commerce. Certainly every machine shop and manufacturing enterprise is engaged in producing articles which are destined to be sold or used in connection with or transported in commerce. As used in these statutes, however,
Under the facts of this case, then, the plaintiff must recover, if at all, under the third count of his declaration.
It is insisted by the company that both the defenses of contributory negligence and assumption of risk are open to it, and that the trial court erred in holding otherwise. This brings us to the consideration of the other section, 5792.
This section is substantially a copy of section 2 of the act approved March 21, 1916 (Acts 1916, p. 763). There is no such qualification therein as appears in this preceding section (5791) referring specifically to actions for injuries to employees while engaged in intrastate commerce, nor does any such qualification appear in the original act. Section 5792 includes in terms all actions or motions against common carriers by railroad who are engaged in intrastate commerce, applies without quali
We conclude, therefore, that as the law now is in Virginia, expressed in section 5792, contributory negliigence is no longer an absolute bar to an action by an injured employee of any common carrier by railroad, whose motive power is steam, engaged in intrastate •commerce. The test under this section as to this plaintiff is not whether at the time of his injury the employee was engaged in intrastate commerce, but merely whether the defendant carrier is engaged in such commerce.
Among the errors assigned is the refusal of the •court to give an instruction on contributory negligence •as applicable to the facts of this case. That instruction .reads thus:
“The court instructs the jury if they believe from the •evidence that the plaintiff was operating a drill upon the occasion of his injury and that the drill became .jammed in the engine frame through which the plaintiff was drilling a hole, and that the plaintiff in order to dislodge the drill struck it with a hard steel hammer, •causing a piece of steel to fly off and injure the plaintiff’s •eye, and that the plaintiff knew, or by the exercise of ordinary care should have known, that this was a dan.gerous way of extricating the drill, and if the jury shall ■further believe from the evidence that there were other ways of doing the work which were reasonably safe of which the plaintiff knew or could have discovered by the •exercise of ordinary care, none of which the plaintiff ..adopted or attempted to adopt, then the plaintiff was ..guilty of contributory negligence.”
This instruction is carefully drawn and is fully justi
The company also set up the defense of assumed risk. If this section could be sustained upon the ground that it accrued to an employee at the time engaged in intrastate commerce, then it would be necessary to consider whether the defense of assumed risk would be available to the company. Seaboard Air Line R. Co. v. Horton, 233 U. S. 492, 58 L. Ed. 1062, 34 Sup. Ct. 635, L. R. A. 1915C, 1, Ann. Cas. 1915B, 475; 47 L. R. A. (N. S.) 62; L. R. A. 1915C, 69; R. C. L. 830; Edward L. Houx v. Union Construction Co., Inc., 107 Me. 101, 30 L. R. A. (N. S.) 800; Houston’s Adm’x v. Seaboard A. L. Ry., 123 Va. 290, 96 S. W. 270.
Certainly there is nothing in section 5792 which denies the defense of assumed risk, though to a limited extent it is denied by section 5793 in actions brought under section 5791.
The plaintiff himself showed by his own testimony that he did not seek or ask for a soft hammer at the time of the occurrence. He says that about thirty days before that time he had need for one, made inquiry therefor and that it was not furnished, and that when he returned to work about four months thereafter he also inquired for one and could not find any. He shows that he had full knowledge that a soft ham
We have then to consider a case in which the plaintiff, with as complete knowledge of the danger as the master could possibly have, deliberately continues to work with tools which he now claims to have been dangerous, and without making any complaint thereof. Finding it necessary to extricate the steel drill, he proceeds, without the knowledge of the master and without any order, in the absence of any emergency requiring immediate
The company, relying upon these circumstances, asked the trial court to give instruction No. 1:
“The court instructs the jury that even though they may believe from the evidence that drills such as the ■plaintiff was operating were liable to jam and that a ¡soft hammer was the proper appliance or tool to be used in extricating the said drill from its jammed condition, "the defendant’s duty in connection therewith was performed if it had such hammers in an accessible place where the plaintiff could obtain them upon inquiry, and if the jury shall believe from the evidence that the drill which the plaintiff was using when he was injured was .jammed, on. the occasion of his injury, and that the ■plaintiff could have obtained a soft hammer upon appli■cation to his gang foreman or other person in authority, "that the plaintiff, without asking or looking for a soft hammer, proceeded to use a hard hammer for the purpose of driving out the drill and that in consequence thereof the plaintiff was injured, then the jury must find for the defendant.”
This instruction was modified by striking out the words “upon inquiry” in the clause reading, “the defendant’s duty in connection therewith was performed if it had such hammers in an accessible place where the ■plaintiff could have obtained them upon inquiry,” and ¡substituting therefor, “the defendant’s duty in connection therewith was performed if it had such hammers in an accessible place where the plaintiff could obtain them and by promulgating and making known to the employees, including the plaintiff, the manner in
There is nothing in the record to indicate that formal rules about so simple a matter were necessary or even, expedient. Moore Lime Co. v. Richardson, 95 Va. 326, 28 S. E. 334, 64 Am. St. Rep. 785; Norfolk & Western Ry. Co. v. Graham, 96 Va. 434, 31 S. E. 604. The soft, hammer needed was a tool which was appropriate only for definite purposes, as and when the occasion for its use might arise. It was not such a tool as was intended to be always carried around by him for customary use.
This error might, however, be considered as harmless but for the fact that the court refused instruction No. 2, reading thus:
“The court instructs the jury that if they believe from the evidence that the plaintiff was operating a drill upon the occasion of his injury and that the drill became jammed in the engine frame through which the plaintiff was drilling a hole, and that the plaintiff in*256 order to dislodge the drill struck it with a hard steel hammer, causing a piece of steel to fly off and injure the plaintiff’s eye, and that the plaintiff knew or ought to have known that such a hammer was not the proper appliance to be used for this purpose and that the same was liable to cause injury both to the operator and the drill, then the plaintiff assumed the risk of the injury he received and they must find for the defendant.”
This instruction clearly and simply brought to the attention of the jury the defense of assumed risk growing out of the voluntary use of a tool known to the plaintiff to be improper, as well as dangerous. Our judgment, as has been indicated, is that the court erred in refusing to grant this instruction, because even if there had been a conflict upon the facts thereby suggested, the company would have been entitled to it. In this case, however, there was no conflict, and every fact which is suggested by the instruction is shown by the testimony of the plaintiff himself.
There are other exceptions to two instructions given for the plaintiff in which they are told that the damages awarded the plaintiff should not exceed the sum of $15,000. As we have heretofore indicated, such instructions have been criticised. Norfolk & Western Ry. Co. v. Marpole, 97 Va. 599, 34 S. E. 462; Newport News, etc., Co. v. Beaumeister, 104 Va. 748, 52 S. E. 627. If any allusion is to be made by the trial court to the extreme amount which the jury may allow in such cases, it should appear clearly that the only reason the amount is specified is because that is the sum which is claimed by the plaintiff in his declaration.
Our judgment upon the whole case is that the trial court erred in the particulars indicated and also in its refusal to set aside the verdict. The primary negligence charged against the defendant has slight support
We regard the defense of assumed risk as established by the plaintiff’s own evidence, and that being true our conclusion is to enter here a final judgment in favor of the defendant.
Reversed.
Section 5791. Liability of intrastate common carriers by railroads operated by steam for •injury to, or death of, employees.—Every common carrier by railroad engaged in intrastate commerce shall be liable in damages to any of its employees suffering injury while he is employed by .such carrier in such commerce, and in case of his death, to his personal representative, for such injury or death, resulting in whole or in part from the wrongful act or neglect of any of the officers, agents, servants or employees of such carrier, or by reason of any defect or insufficiency, due to its neglect, in its cars, engines, appliances, machinery, track, roadbed, works, boats, wharves, or other equipment. If the action be for the death of an employee, sections fifty-seven hundred and eighty-seven, fifty-seven hundred and eighty-eight, fifty-seven hundred and eighty-nine and fifty-seven hundred and ninety, shall apply thereto as far as applicable. No action shall be maintained under this section, unless it be commenced within one year from the day the cause of action accrued. #
# Section 5792. Contributory negligence no bar to recovery; violation of safety appliance acts.—In all actions or motions hereafter brought against &ny such common carrier to recover damages for personal injuries to any employee, or where such injuries have resulted in his death, the fact that such employee may have been guilty of contributory negligence shall not bar a recovery, but the damages shall be diminished by the jury in proportion to the amount of negligence attributable to such employee; and no such employee, who may be injured or killed, shall be held to have been guilty of contributory negligence in any case where the violation by such common carrier of any statute enacted for the safety of employees contributed to the injury or death of such employee.
Section 5793. Assumption of risk; violation of safety appliance acts.—In any action brought against any common carrier, under or by virtue of section fifty-seven hundred and ninety-one, torecover damages for injuries to, or death of, any of its employees, the knowledge of any employee injured or killed of the defective or unsafe character or condition of any machinery, ways, appliances, or structures of such carrier, shall not of itself be a bar to recovery for any injury or death caused thereby, nor shall such employee be held to have assumed the risk of his employment in any case where the violation by such common carrier of any statute enacted for the safety of -employees contributed to the injury, or death of such employee.