138 Mo. 394 | Mo. | 1897
The petition in this case is in two counts. The first is on a promissory note, and the second on quantum meruit. As there was judgment for de
“$1,193.16. Caldwell, Kans., Jan. 1,1889.
“On June 15, 1890, we promise to pay to the order of A. J. Snyder, trustee, the sum of eleven hundred, ninety-three and jVo dollars at the Stock Exchange Bank, Caldwell, Kansas, with interest after maturity at the rate of ten per cent per annum until paid. Without defalcation, value received.
“This note is given as evidence of indebtedness under leases and agreements entered into between the undersigned and the Cherokee Strip Live Stock Association, whereby certain lands in the unoccupied Cherokee country, Indian Territory, are leased; and is to be governed as to its maturity and payment by the terms of the lease and agreement aforesaid on file at'the 'office of the payee, at Caldwell, Kansas, but payment is enforcible in any court of the United States or elsewhere. Cass Land & Cattle Company,
“By Zena Leonard, President.”
The answer alleges that the title to the land leased by plaintiff to defendant and referred to in the note, is now, and has always been, in the government of the United States which has the control and supervision of it. That the Indian tribe known as the Cherokee Nation, from which plaintiff leased the land, and under which said lease plaintiff sublet to defendant, only occupied the land subject to certain restrictions, and at all times subject to the control and supervision of said government. “That the said Indian tribes so occupying said property had no right or authority to lease said lands for grazing or any other purpose. That heretofore and on or about the seventeenth day of February, 1890, Benjamin Harrison, President of’
Plaintiff replied to the answer, denied all allegations therein, and alleged: “That on or about the nineteenth day of September, 1890, the President of the United States, referred to in the said answer, issued an order or proclamation, which" was in the words and figures following, to wit:
“ ‘proclamation.
“ ‘To whom it may concern:
“ ‘Whereas, it has been represented to me that by reason of the drouth which has prevailed in the Indian Territory and in the adjoining States, the execution of my proclamation of February 17, 1890, requiring the*400 removal of all live stock from the Cherokee Outlet on or before October 1, would work great hardship and loss, not only to the owners of stock herded upon the strip but to the owners of cattle in the adjoining States; and,
“ ‘Whereas, the owners of all cattle now herded upon the Outlet have submitted to me a proposition in writing whereby they agree to remove one half of their stock from the Outlet on or before November 1, and the residue thereof and all their property and employees on or before December 1, next, and to abandon all claims in said Outlet.
“ ‘Now, therefore, I, Benjamin Harrison, President of the United States, do give notice and proclaim that the time heretofore fixed for the removal of the live stock herded upon said Outlet is extended to November 1 as to one half thereof, and to December 1 next, as to the residue thereof and as to all property and employees.
“‘(Signed) Benjamin Haeeison.
“‘September 19, 1890.’”
The case was tried to the court sitting as a jury.
In behalf of plaintiff the court declared the law to be as follows:
“1. That under the pleadings and evidence in this case, the finding should be for plaintiff.
“2. The court declares the law to be, that the ouster by a third party without title or right, is simply an unauthorized intrusion against which the landlord, in the absence of special contract to the contrary, is not obliged to provide, nor is such unlawful action of a third party any defense against the landlord’s claim of rent.”
Defendant asked the court to declare the law to be as follows:
“1. The court, sitting as a jury, finds the issues for the defendant.
*401 “4. The court, sitting as a jury, finds that the leases and note ■ offered in evidence constitute but one agreement and are void because the original contract between the Cherokee Indians and plaintiff, leasing the lands in question, were not indorsed with the approval of the Secretary of the Interior and the commissioner of Indian affairs, or ever approved by them.
“5. The court, sitting as a jury, finds that the property in question wafs situated within the limits of the Indian Territory and is a part of the lands allotted to the Cherokee Nation; that after defendant entered into the possession of the same and on 'the seventeenth day of February, A. D. 1890, Benjamin Harrison, President of the United States, issued a proclamation by which he commanded all cattlemen and persons grazing cattle upon such lands including the land in question, to remove themselves and their cattle from such land on or before October 1, 1890, and further proclaimed that no cattlemen should be permitted to drive or take cattle upon such lands after such proclamation, and that defendant paid all rents due for the occupancy of said" lands up to the time of such proclamation,-? then the court declares the law to be that such proclamation was an eviction of defendant from the lands in question, and defendant was relieved from, paying any rents thereafter.
“6. Under the pleadings and the evidence the court finds the issues on the first count in favor of the defendant.”
The court refused the above declarations of law asked by defendant, numbered 1, 4, 5, and 6, to which action of the court in refusing said declarations of defendant objected and saved its exceptions at the time. There was judgment in favor of plaintiff for $1,067.14, from which defendant appealed.
In 1888 the Cherokee Nation of Indians entered into an agreement in writing by which they leased to plaintiff for the term of five years, a large tract of land in the Indian Territory. This lease was not approved by the Secretary of the Interior, nor the commissioner of Indian affairs. Nor was it executed in conformity with section 2116, Revised Statutes, United States..
On January 1, 1889, the plaintiff sublet a portion of this property consisting of a tract of fifty-nine thousand, six hundred and fifty-eight acres to the defendant, by an instrument in writing by the terms of which it was made subject to all the terms and conditions of plaintiff’s agreement with the said Cherokee nation, which said agreement was made a part of plaintiff’s agreement with defendant. As a consideration for such lease, defendant promised to pay plaintiff the sum of $2,386.32 per annum payable semiannually, in advance.
To secure these payments notes were given by defendant payable every six months, on the fifteenth day of December and the fifteenth day of June of each year. Seven notes were executed' by defendant for $1,193.16 each. This suit is on the note which fell due June 15, 1890.
On the seventeenth day of February, 1890, President Harrison issued his proclamation notifying all persons occupying any and all lands in the Cherokee Nation under contract with the Cherokee Nation (including lands and contract in question) that the Indians had no authority to make such contracts, -and that the same were null and void, and commanded all of said parties to remove all their cattle and live stock from said lands on or before October 1, 1890, and as much sooner as said lands or any of them might be or
The defendant began immediate preparation to sell off and remove its stock from the leased land. On the nineteenth day of September, 1890, however, the President of the United States issued a second proclamation extending the time for the removal of cattle from the land until December 1, 1890. The evidence was conflicting as to whether or not defendants had moved all of their stock from the land before December 1, 1890. But it was clearly shown that the larger part of it had been removed before that time, and in fact before October 1, 1890.
Defendant refused to pay the rent which accrued after June 15, 1890, on the ground of having been deprived of the use of the land for pasture by reason of the President’s proclamation. And the invalidity of the contract and note. The court rendered judgment for plaintiff for the rent accruing up to November 1, 1890, with interest at the rate of ten per cent per annum as provided in the note.
It is contended by defendant that the note in suit is a part of the contract entered into by-plaintiff and the Cherokee Nation for the lease of the same lands leased .by plaintiff to defendant, and that as the lease first mentioned was not executed in accordance with section 2103, nor with section 2116, Revised Statutes of the United States, it, the note in suit, and the lease from plaintiff to defendant, are void.
Upon the other hand it is contended that the Cherokee Nation held and owned the land, had exclusive possession and jurisdiction over it at the time the contract between it and plaintiff was made, and the right to lease it for grazing purposes, and as defendant leased it from plaintiff and had the use of it according
The lands were patented to the Cherokee Nation by the United States on the thirty-first day of December, 1838, and in this respect their title differs from that of the tribes of Indians, which simply hold by occupation, and at the pleasure of the United States government. The grant, however, was upon the express condition provided by the act of Congress of the twenty-eighth of May, 1830, and which condition is that “the lands hereby granted shall revert to the United States, if the Cherokee nation become extinct or abandon the same.”
It was held in United States v. Reese, 5 Dill. 405, that: “The Cherokees hold their lands by title different from the Indian title by occupancy. They derived it by grant from the United States. It is a base, qualified, or determinable fee without thb right of reversion, but only a possibility of reversion, in the United States. This in effect puts all the estate in the Cherokee Nation.” United States v. Rogers, 23 Fed. Rep. 658.
It was said in the opinion of Hon. Charles Devens, 16 Opinions of Attorneys-Gfeneral, 434, that: “The effect of the conveyance by the United States to the Cherokee Nation of this tract of land upon the purchase made by them under the treaty of 1835 was to vest in the tribe a fee simple title to said tract. Holden v. Joy, 17 Wall. 211. This tribe did not hold this tract of land by the ordinary Indian title, which is one of occupancy only, which may be continued indefinitely. In such case the fee simple to the land is in the United States. The effect of this sale was to separate distinctly the tract from the public lands of the United States, and vest it in private ownership.”
Section 2103, supra, has no application to leases of land by the Indians to persons for a moneyed consideration, and if it has any application at all to leasing land, it is only in case such lease is made to the lessee for personal services rendered or to be rendered by him. Opinions of Attorney-General Garland; 18 Opinions of Attorney-General, 486.
The lease between plaintiff and the Cherokee Nation was not, therefore, void because not executed in compliance with that section. But on June 30, 1834, by act of Congress, it was provided, that “No purchase, grant, lease, or other conveyance of lands, or any title or claim thereto, from any Indian nation or tribe of. Indians, shall be of any validity in law or equity, unless the same be made by treaty or convention entered into pursuant to the Constitution.” R. S. U. S., sec. 2116. There is no pretense in this case, that the contract of lease between plaintiff and the Cherokee Nation was< executed in accordance with said act; on the contrary it was executed in violation thereof, hence absolutely void. Opinion of Attorney-General Garland, 18 Opinions Attorney-General, 235, 486.
We are confirmed in this position by the proclamations of Benjamin Harrison, President of the United States, of February 17, 1890, and September 19, 1890, by which the lease from the Cherokee nation to plaintiff was ignored, and all live stock ordered moved from the leased lands at the dates respectively fixed in said proclamations. These proclamations were issued in pursuance of the prerogative of our government to exercise a kind of guardianship over the friendly Indians within its borders, and to protect them as far as possible to do so in their property rights against scheming and designing white men, and to this end it
The cases in this country are uniform in holding that a contract forbidden by statute is void, and the general rule is, that no action or suit can be maintained either at law or equity upon such a contract, even where the statute does not expressly declare them void. Downing v. Ringer, 7 Mo. 585; Penn v. Bornman, 102 Ill. 523; Melchoir v. McCarty, 81 Wis. 252; The Ohio Life Insurance and Trust Co. v. The Merchants’ Insurance and Trust Co., 11 Humphreys, 1.
The contacts between plaintiff and the Cherokee nation being void, it is contended by defendant that as the contract between plaintiff and defendant, and the note sued on, refer to and are made part of said original contract that they are also void. As a general proposition this position is undoubtedly correct, but the case in hand seems to furnish an exception to that general rule, in this:
The contract between plaintiff and defendant is a contract to which the Cherokee Nation is not a party, and must be governed both as to the manner of its execution, and its construction, by the law applicable to contracts entered into by persons competent to contract. The contract between plaintiff and the Cherokee Nation was void because not executed in compliance with the United States statute, while no such objection exists as to the contract between plaintiff and defendant. There is no claim that the contract between plaintiff and defendant was forfeited by plaintiff, or that plaintiff failed to comply with its terms and conditions except in so far as the President’s proclamations had the effect to annul it, and to deprive defendant of its benefits.
Moreover, the note was given for the lease of lands of which defendant took possession under the lease and
The parties to this suit occupied the relation of landlord and tenant, and the general rule in such case is, that one holding under a lease will not be permitted to dispute the title of his landlord. Stagg v. Eureka Tanning and Currying Co., 56 Mo. 317; Jackson v. Rowland, 6 Wend. 666; Walker v. Harper, 33 Mo. 592; Pentz v. Kuester, 41 Mo. 447; Higgins v. Turner, 61 Mo. 249; Loring v. Harmon, 84 Mo. 123; and the case at bar is no exception to that rule.
The recent case of Wilcoxen v. Hybarger, 38 S. W. Rep. 669, was an action of unlawful detainer by a citizen of the Chickasaw Nation of Indians, who hold possession of their lands in common, against his tenant for certain lands leased to him. The defense was that the lessor was not in possession of the land at the time of'the lease, and as he only held the land in common with others of his tribe, that he could not maintain the action. The court said: “But the relation of landlord and tenant does not rest upon the landlord’s title, but upon the agreement between the parties, followed by the possession of the premises by the tenant under such agreement. This is shown in the rule, old as the law, that the tenant will not be permitted to dispute the landlord’s title.”
While we do not concur in what we understand to have been the ruling of the trial- court with respect to the effect of the President’s proclamations on the lease between plaintiff and defendant, as there was evidence tending to show that defendant occupied the land under that lease, during the entire time for. which the
The judgment is affirmed.