57 Colo. 74 | Colo. | 1914
Lead Opinion
delivered the opinion of the court:
On the 15th day of March, 1906, a complaint was filed with the State Board of Medical Examiners charging M. S. Chenoweth, duly licensed to practice medicine under the
The advertisements complained of are not set out in the complaint nor in the abstract of record, but there are newspaper clippings attached to the transcript of record which we assume to be the advertisements offered in evidence. A hearing was had on this complaint, by the State Board of Medical Examiners, and the license of Dr. Chenoweth revoked. A writ of certiorari was issued out of the District Court and upon a hearing before that court this writ was dismissed, from which ruling of the court the plaintiff in error brings the case here for review. The question as to whether certiorari is the proper remedy in this case is not raised or presented and we are not to be understood as passing upon that question.
The record discloses that the Medical Board preserved no testimony and we are left to the minutes of that body alone for information as to what occurred at the hearing upon the complaint filed. There were others tried at the same hearing, but other final disposition was made as to these cases, and the plaintiff in error alone, is now complaining.
The minutes of the board disclosed the presence of Dr. Chenoweth at the hearing, and his admission of responsibility for the publication by the Scott Medical
It has been held by this court that the inquiry upon certiorari is limited to whether the court below exceeded its jurisdiction or greatly abused its discretion. — People v. District Court, 22 Colo. 422, 45 Pac. 402. Also that the object of the proceeding is to correct errors of law apparent from admitted or established facts, and not to settle those which are disputed. — Hallet v. Board of Co. Com., 27 Colo. 86, 59 Pac. 733.
Further, that in Colorado, there are two different proceedings by certiorari; one to review the action of an inferior tribunal or board of officers; the other to secure the trial de novo of causes previously heard by Justices of the Peace. — Small v. Bischelberger, 7 Colo. 563, 4 Pac. 1195.
The question then to be determined in this case is whether the Board of Medical Examiners was without jurisdiction, exceeded its jurisdiction, or greatly abused its discretion, and in this instance, is the statute, in so far as it relates to the particular ground for revocation, in violation of the constitutional rights of the plaintiff in error. There is no question but that the defendant caused the publication of the advertisements. There can be no reasonable question under the decisions of the courts of this state, and the law generally, but that under the police power inherent in the state, the legislature may enact reasonable regulations for the examination and registration of physicians in the practice of medicine and surgery, and that such statutes violate neither the Federal nor the state constitutions.
That the state may create a board of experts authorized to examine and grant such licenses, and to hear and determine any complaint made against any person holding a physicians’ license,.and in a proper case to revoke the same is equally well settled. It is also true that ,while the power of a board so created is in the nature of a quasi judicial power, yet it is not such a power as cannot be granted by the legislature. Therefore, the only limit of the legislature in this respect is that it shall provide reasonable regulation. But the right is one of regulation only, and must be found in the power of the state to provide, for the general welfare of its people.
The power of the legislature however, is not such as may unreasonably interfere with the undoubted right of every citizen to follow any lawful calling, business, or profession, he may choose, subject only to reasonable regulation; for the right to labor and to receive the fruits of such labor is a natural and inherent right always protected by the constitution.
The statutory ground in this case is “causing the publication and circulation of an advertisement relative to any disease of the sexual organs.” The only statute of similar import brought to our attention is that of Nebraska, 4327 Neb. Comp. Stat. In that statute however,
If this is to be justified under the statute then the very basis upon which rests such statutes of regulation must be ignored. For such legislation is justified only upon the ground of police power, and as tending to promote the public health, morals, safety or general welfare.
“The police power is limited to enactments which have reference to the public health or comfort, the safety or welfare of society. Laws which impose penalties on persons and interfere with the personal liberty of the citizen, cannot be constitutionally enacted, unless the public health, comfort, safety or welfare demands their enactment. It is for the legislature to determine when an exigency exists for the exercise of this power, but what are the subjects of its exercise is clearly a judicial question. The exercise of legislative discretion is not subject to review by the courts when measures adopted by the legislature are calculated to protect the public health, and secure the public comforts, safety or welfare; but the measure so adopted must have some relation to the ends thus specified.” — (Ritchie v. People, 155 Ill. 98,
It is not material for the purpose of this case, to determine whether the right to practice • medicine be classed as a property right, as contended by the plaintiff in error, or as a mere privilege, as insisted by the board,
‘ ‘ To disbar an attorney is to inflict upon him a punishment of the severest character. He is admitted to the bar only after years of study. The profession may be to him the source of great emolument. If possessed of fair learning and ability he may reasonably expect to receive from his practice an income of several thousand dollars a year, — equal to that derived from a capital of one or more hundred thousand dollars. To disbar him having such a practice is equivalent to depriving him of this capital. It would often entail poverty upon himself, and destitution upon his family. Surely the tremendous power of inflicting such a punishment should never be permitted to be exercised unless absolutely necessary to protect the court and the public from one shown by the clearest legal proof to be unfit to be a member of an honorable profession.”
Advertisements by physicians may be regarded by certain members of the profession, as contrary to professional ethics, but with that legislatures and courts may not be concerned. The legislature has no power to confer the authority upon a Board of Medical Examiners, to deny to a physician the right to advertise his business.
Many statutes relating to the powers and duties of boards of medical examiners fix as cause for the revocation of a physician’s certificate to practice medicine, such as “unprofessional and dishonorable conduct,” “grossly immoral and unprofessional conduct, etc.” These statutes have been generally sustained by the courts. — State v. Medical Board, 32 Minn. 324, 20 N. W. 238, 50 Am.
“We will add, as our construction of the words ‘unprofessional or dishonorable conduct,’ as used in section 9, that we do not think that the legislature contemplated matters of merely professional ethics, bnt that the term ‘unprofessional’ was used convertibly with ‘dishonorable. ’ The meaning may be expressed by using the conjunctive and in place of the disjunctive or. — Wert v. Clutter, 37 Ohio St. 347, 350; Weston v. Loyhed, 30 Minn. 221, 14 N. W. 892.” And in Meffert v. Medical Board, supra, the court said: “It is subversive of the morals of the people and degrading to the medical profession for the state to clothe a grossly immoral man with authority to enter the homes of her citizens in the capacity of a physician. ’ ’
Doubtless a physician might publish an advertisement which would in itself be so grossly immoral as to constitute dishonorable conduct. But our statute contains no such ground as a cause for revocation, neither is it contended or charged, that either of the publications complained of, were of any such character or had such tendency. The character of the advertisement is simply charged in the language of the statute as “relative to a disease of the sexual organs.”
“We treat and cure Catarrh and Stomach Troubles, Nervous Diseases, Kidney, Bladder Troubles, Heart Diseases, Diseases of the Stomach and Bowels, Piles, Fistula and Rectal Diseases, Female Complaints, Diseases of Women and Children; Rickets, Spinal Troubles, Skin Diseases, Deafness, Asthma, Bronchial and Lung Troubles, Consumption in the First Stages, Rheumatism, Hay Fever, Neuralgia, Hysteria, Eye and Ear Diseases, Goitre or Big Neck, La Grippe, Blood Diseases, Scrofula and all forms of Nervous and Chronic Diseases (that are curable).” Certainly there can be found nothing in this to justify the charge of an offense against the public morals. This but illustrates the settled principle of the law that such regulation statutes, to be justified, must be based upon the theory of protection of the public interest, the public morals or the public welfare.
The “Scott Medical Company” advertisement does not use the term “sexual organs,” but in addition to the naming of diseases in no sense sexual, recites, “we successfully treat Weakness, Partial or Complete Loss, Lack of Power and Strength, complicated and Special Disorders of men only. ’ ’ These terms do not refer specifically to diseases of the sexual organs. They may possibly refer to resultant effects of diseases of the sexual organs,
Then how can such an advertisement be reasonably said to injuriously effect the public morals % Such a contention is both prudish and absurd. We can but take notice of the trend of the times, and of the fact that societies and large numbers of respectable and moral people, including physicians, are urging that sex hygiene be taught in our public schools, in the interest of the public good and public morality. The statute does not provide that a tendency to injuriously effect the public morals or welfare, shall appear as an essential fact to be considered in connection with such an advertisement. Neither does the complaint so charge. All of this tends to convey the impression that the purpose of the provision under consideration was to enforce the ethical notions of some members of a profession, rather than for the protection of the public at large.
We must not be understood as in any sense declar'ing for the restriction of the exercise of the police power as heretofore announced by this court, in cases where the purposes are plainly for the public good, for it is the tendency of courts to make such new and other application of this doctrine, as the ever changing conditions and protection of society may seem to require. But there is a necessary limit to the invasion of the inherent and canstitutional rights of the citizen, beyond which legislative restriction may not go, if stable government is to remain.
“In Powell v. Pennsylvania, 127 U. S. 678, 32 L. Ed. 253, 8 Sup. Ct. 992, 1257, the general proposition, that the enjoyment by the citizen, upon terms of equality
The expression in the constitution, “Life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness,” is general in character, and includes many rights which are inherent and inalienable. Many of the rights referred to in this expression are included in the general guaranty of “liberty.” The happiness here referred to may consist in many things, or depend on many circumstances, but unquestionably includes the right of the citizen to follow his individual preference in the choice of occupation. — Black on Const. Law 404. For these reasons we must conclude that the provisions of the statute that a physician’s license may be revoked for ‘ ‘ causing the publication and circulation of an advertisement relative to any disease of the sexual organs,” is in violation of the fourteenth amendment to the constitution and sec. 3 art. 11 of our own Bill of Rights; ‘ ‘ That all persons have certain natural, essential and inalienable rights, among which may be reckoned the right of enjoying and defending their lives and liberties; that of acquiring, possessing and protecting property; and of seeking and obtaining their
The plaintiff in error contends also that the term “relating to a disease of the sexual organs” as used in the statute, is so indefinite and uncertain as to make the statute inoperative and invalid for that reason. The question naturally arises as to what we are to understand by the term “diseases of the sexual organs.” To what authority are we to turn for a definition? Does this term have a common or well understood meaning, and if not, what authority are we to seek for a definition. Suppose that by such a statute the publication of an advertisement relating to a disease of the sexual organs was declared to be a public offense, and that thereby others than physicians might be amenable to such a penal law, which by the way is not the case, and for that reason it is likewise contended that the provision in the statute is class legislation, and for such reason void; and suppose that it became necessary for the court in a given case, to charge the jury as to what constitutes a ‘ ‘ disease of the sexual organs.” If the court turned to the statute he would find no definition as in case of murder, arson, larceny, etc. If he were to search law dictionaries and law text books he would be equally in the dark as to a definition of the term. If he were to examine Webster he would find no such expression, yet he must define this alleged wrongful thing to which the offensive publication relates, in order that the jury may have some notion as to whether or not the accused is guilty of committing the offense. Having exhausted lexicographers, law writers and court decisions without avail, he can have recourse only to his common knowledge and the definition of the
Will it be said that more than a comparatively fair proportion of the diseases of sexual organs are the result of immorality? What will be said of tuberculosis, tumors, cancerous and other growths constituting diseases which effect every part of the human system. It is perhaps true that venereal diseases may be definitely said to be those arising from immorality, but who will have the hardihood to say that all sexual diseases are necessarily venereal diseases.
Will a court of justice sustain a conviction for an offense so abstractly named, so wholly undefined and so uncertain of definition, yet we are asked to sustain such a statute to the extent that a physician who may be charged with its violation is to be denied the right to practice his profession. Clearly, the statute is so indefinite as to render it invalid for that reason alone. •.
Beside, the penalty provided is so grossly excessive and unconscionable as to make the statute repugnant to
Under its provision a physician who has spent many years and vast sums of money to qualify himself to practice medicine, who has spent many more years in the practice, and thereby established a reputation and a practice worth thousands of dollars to him annually, and yet if he shall publish an advertisement relating to a disease of the sexual organs, however humane may be the purpose, and however innocent of wrong may be the intent, he must have all this taken from him, and have the consequent ignominy and contempt heaped upon him in addition. And in his trial for the alleged offense he is to be denied the privilege of a hearing before a court of justice and the right of trial by jury. He may not have the same right that is accorded to ordinary offenders. The statute provides that ‘' causing the publication of an advertisement relating to the sexual organs” shall be an offense only if by physicians. Any person other than a physician may publish such advertisements at will. If such publication tends to injuriously effect the public morals it is not by reason of the fact that the publication is caused by a physician. The effect is precisely the same whoever may be the publisher.
The offense, if it be one, is a public one, equally applicable to all persons. At the time of the action of the state board in this case, there was no statute making such publication an offense as against others than physicians. The statute under consideration makes the act an offense only when committed by a physician, and for such reason is clearly discriminatory in that it applies to a class of citizens only, and for such reason alone was void.
The judgment of the trial court is reversed and the case remanded with instructions to enter judgment directing the State Board of Medical Examiners to cancel its order revoking the license of the plaintiff in error to practice medicine in the state of Colorado, and to restore to him such rights and privileges in the premises as he may have been entitled to prior to such act of revocation.
En banc.
Musser, C. J., Cabrigues J. and White J. concur.
Bailey J., Gabbert- J. and Hill J. dissent.
Dissenting Opinion
dissenting:
The police power of the state may always be’ exercised to protect the public morals, and its exercise of this power is valid when regulations of this character tend to accomplish the purposes for which they were enacted. The statute under consideration provides that the State Board of Medical Examiners may refuse to grant or may revoke a license to practice medicine in this state for sev
The judgment of the district court should he affirmed.
The writer is authorized to state that Mr. Justice Hill and Mr. Justice Bailey concur in this opinion.