Plaintiff appeals as of right a circuit court order granting defendants’ motion for summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(8) and (10) and dismissing plaintiffs complaint. Plaintiff raises numerous issues in challenging the dismissal of its complaint. Defendants cross appeal the denial of their motion for costs and sanctions. We affirm.
For nearly twenty-five years, plaintiff Check Reporting Services, Inc. (crs) provided a check reporting and guarantee service to the business community. Crs would purchase consumer checks from merchants at a discount and bear the responsibility of collection. As its business grew, crs entered into a payable through draft agreement with defendant Michigan National Bank-Lansing (mnb). Under this arrangement, crs’ customers (merchants) would endorse their consumer checks over to crs and mail the checks with a deposit slip to crs for deposit in crs’ check purchase account. The merchant, using a blank draft issued by crs, would then draw the discounted amount from crs’ draft account. Thus, the collected customer checks deposited in the check purchase account would fund the drafts drawn on the draft account.
Under the agreement, mnb was required to pay only those drafts for which there were sufficient collected funds in the check purchase account, i.e., funds representing checks that had cleared the Federal Reserve Bank. The checks mailed from crs’ customers had a longer processing time, because of the delay in mailing, than the drafts drawn by the merchants from the draft account. As a result, the check purchase account would evidence a "negative float” representing the amount of uncollected funds. This in turn could lead to an overdraft situation in the draft account.
To remedy this situation, mnb extended to crs
The business loan agreement executed on February 22, 1985, increased the line of credit to $250,000 with a $50,000 "bulge line,” for a total credit line of $300,000. Mnb still was required to pay only those drafts for which there were sufficient collected funds on deposit in the check purchase account. Mnb was granted the right to set off any or all of crs’ deposit accounts, or any other property held by it, against any indebtedness of crs to mnb. The agreement described the events constituting default and the bank’s remedies, which included a "no waiver” provision. On February 22, 1985, crs signed a promissory note for the $300,000 line of credit loan, which stated that the loan amount was due on demand.
In 1985, crs experienced what it describes as "a period of explosive growth” in its business. Plaintiff admits that this growth "strained [its] lines of credit to the breaking point,” creating a "potential for negative float of between $1 million and $1.5 million.”
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Further, crs admits that by October, 1985, its check purchase account "was almost continually in a negative float” and that "over
Crs admits that it was aware of mnb’s "discomfort” with the situation, but that the bank continued to pay drafts presented daily, even when the payment created an overdraft in the check purchase account. Crs acknowledges its awareness that mnb’s "discomfort” was not just over the negative float, but over crs’ inability to track its net position on a daily basis.
On October 23, 1985, crs’ management met with mnb officials regarding the bank’s concern over the apparent problem with crs’ accounts. The bank demanded that crs not sign any new customers until it found additional capitalization to remedy the intolerable overdraft situation. Crs’ check purchase account was overdrawn thirteen times in both November and December, 1985, and nine times up to, and including, January 16, 1986.
Another meeting was held between mnb and crs on January 17, 1986. During this meeting, mnb hand-delivered to William Gerlach, crs’ chief executive officer, a "requirements letter” dated January 16, 1986. Because of the continual overdraft situation, crs’ inadequate capitalization, and crs’ failure to comply with the documentation requirements under the loan agreements, the bank made the following demands:
1. Crs must immediately initiate steps to eliminate the overdraft balance in the checking account. This must be accomplished no later than January 31st and no further overdrafts will be allowed after January 31st.
2. Crs must generate a meaningful and accurate Deposit/Draft Reconciliation Report and furnish report to the Bank on a daily basis, starting immediately.
3. $300,000 line of credit balance must have100% coverage of net drafts receivable, as reported on the daily Deposit/Draft Reconciliation Report, plus cash balance in account.
4. Crs to furnish to the Bank monthly Balance and Operating Statements for November 30, 1985 no later than January 24th and for December 31, 1985 no later than January 31st.
5. Crs to furnish to the Bank proforma income statements for the period January 1 through June 30, 1985 no later than January 31st.
6. Crs to furnish to the Bank a plan in writing no later than February 15th for injection of a minimum of $500,000 new capital, and implementation of the plan no later than March 15th.
After reviewing the requirements, Gerlach informed mnb that the January 31 deadline for eliminating the overdraft situation was "impossible.” He also indicated that crs would be unable to provide the deposit/draft reconciliation reports, but would attempt to gather accurate information regarding its net position.
With respect to the infusion of $500,000 of capital, crs informed mnb of the prospective sale of its controlling shares to Paul Quinn, a millionaire real estate investor and future brother-in-law of the vice president of crs’ Ohio operations. However, the sale was never consummated, and mnb never received written confirmation, as required, of a commitment by anyone for the injection of new capital.
From February 13, 1986, to February 20, 1986, several meetings were held between mnb and crs. During these meetings, the bank’s attorney informed crs, and crs acknowledged, that the continuation of the loan relationship would be decided on a day-to-day basis. During the February 13 meeting, the bank learned that crs was holding nearly $960,000 in returned and uncollected cus
On Friday, February 14, 1986, mnb did not pay drafts presented that day, but held them over the holiday weekend to allow crs to make deposits to cover its existing overdraft of $318,653. On Tuesday, February 18, 1986, mnb returned drafts totaling $18,411.70 because crs’ check purchase account was overdrawn by $5,774.51. However, $158,522.82 of the $176,934.52 in drafts received on February 14 were paid. On February 18, mnb received $174,924.67 in drafts and informed crs that it was holding them to allow crs to collect its deposits and raise the account balance to prevent another overdraft.
On February 19, the bank received additional drafts totaling $309,849.08. On that morning, crs’ account had a balance of $172,183.32 in uncollected funds. Mnb again informed crs that it would hold the drafts.
Additional drafts totaling $164,766.85 were received by mnb on the morning of February 20, 1986. Crs’ check purchase account evidenced a balance of $352,110.46, but in uncollected funds. Mnb then informed crs that, because of crs’ inability to cure the repeated defaults, it was demanding payment of crs’ promissory demand note, accelerating the maturity of the term loan, and exercising its right of setoff against the check purchase account. The drafts presented between February 18 and 20, 1986, totaling $649,540.60 were all returned unpaid and stamped "nsf” by MNB.
On the basis of these events, crs filed a seven-count complaint against mnb and Michigan National Corporation on September 30, 1986. Crs brought actions for "lender liability” (alleging
On appeal, crs contends that the trial court erred in dismissing its lender liability claim by holding that the obligation of good faith does not apply to demand instruments and by finding no genuine issue of fact with respect to the fraud claim despite the fact that defendants did not controvert crs’ allegations of fraud. 2
Crs’ lender liability claim presented two issues. First, whether the obligation of good faith applied to demand instruments. Second, whether mnb’s actions amounted to fraud. The trial court dismissed the first issue under MCR 2.116(C)(8) and the second issue under MCR 2.116(0(10).
A motion brought under MCR 2.116(C)(8) tests the legal sufficiency of the claim by the pleadings alone and may be granted when a plaintiff has failed to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.
Pawlak v Redox Corp,
A motion for summary disposition pursuant to
We first address crs’ claim that the obligation of good faith applies to demand instruments.
Crs relies on § 1-203 of the Uniform Commercial Code, MCL 440.1203; MSA 19.1203, which provides that an obligation of good faith is imposed on the performance and enforcement of every contract or duty within the code. As stated in the official comment to § 1-203, particular applications of the basic principle set forth in § 1-203 appear in specific provisions of the code, such as § 1-208, MCL 440.1208; MSA 19.1208, which concerns the right to accelerate at will. The official comment to § 1-208 states:
Obviously this section has no application to demand instruments or obligations whose very nature permits call at any time with or without reason.
Courts in other states that have considered this issue have held that the obligation of good faith does not apply to demand instruments.
Pavco Industries, Inc v First National Bank of Mobile,
534 So 2d 572 (Ala, 1988);
Taggart & Taggart Seed, Inc v First Tennessee Bank National Ass’n,
Crs’ reliance on
KMC Co, Inc v Irving Trust Co,
757 F2d 752 (CA 6, 1985), is misplaced. Because the parties are familiar with the facts and holding of
KMC,
it is unnecessary to repeat them here. However, we note several important facts that distinguish this case from
KMC.
Unlike the relationship between kmc and Irving Trust, crs did not have a "blocked account” arrangement with mnb, but rather had not only control over the funds in the check purchase account, but also the discretion of depositing its customers’ checks in the account at all. Crs thus had a source of funds other than those provided by mnb through its financing agreements. Mnb, unlike Irving Trust, was not fully secured on the various loan agreements with crs. Further, mnb provided notice of its intent to require strict compliance beginning January 16, 1986, and of its refusal to extend further credit to crs. Additionally, mnb provided financing up to the maximum line of credit limit of $300,000, and it merely refused to provide
Thus, although the Sixth Circuit stated that a "demand provision is a kind of acceleration clause” to which the obligation of good faith in § 1-208 applies, Irving Trust did not "call” the loan, but merely refused further financing. This statement by the Sixth Circuit is thus dictum and, because of the distinctive facts in that case, is not persuasive.
Accordingly, we find that crs’ lender liability claim based upon its allegation of breach of an obligation of good faith was properly dismissed pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(8).
Crs also based its lender liability claim on alleged fraudulent representations by mnb. The trial court dismissed the allegations on grounds that crs failed to present any documentary evidence supporting its claim and demonstrating the existence of a genuine issue of material fact. After reviewing the record, we find no error. Plaintiffs mere allegations, unsupported by documentary evidence, are insufficient to establish the existence of a material issue of fact.
Stanton v Dachille,
Crs next argues that the trial court erred in dismissing its wrongful dishonor claim. Crs’ complaint alleged that defendants’ refusal to honor drafts on February 20, 1986, for which there were currently funds on deposit, constituted wrongful dishonor in violation of § 4-402 of the Uniform Commercial Code, MCL 440.4402; MSA 19.4402.
Wrongful dishonor under § 4-402 excludes any permitted or justified dishonor. Official Comment to § 4-402. We note that there is some confusion regarding the exact balance, either in uncollected or collected funds, in crs’ check purchase account on February 20, 1986, when mnb exercised its right to use the funds in that account to set off the amounts outstanding on the line of credit and term loans. Nevertheless, plaintiff has failed to provide any documentary evidence that there were any collected funds in its check purchase account. This failure, coupled with mnb’s right, pursuant to the business loan agreement, to return any drafts for which there were insufficient collected funds on deposit in crs’ check purchase account, demonstrates that the dismissal of plaintiff’s wrongful dishonor claim pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(10) was proper.
We do not address crs’ argument that mnb failed to return the drafts by its midnight deadline and, thus, is liable for wrongful dishonor under MCL 440.4302(a); MSA 19.4302(a), because this was neither the basis for its claim of wrongful dishonor in its complaint nor the reason given by the trial court for dismissal.
Crs next argues that the trial court erred in
MCL 440.4202; MSA 19.4202 requires in part that a collecting bank use ordinary care in the exercise of its basic collection tasks. Under § 4-103, MCL 440.4103; MSA 19.4103, a bank may not disclaim, by agreement, its responsibility for its failure to exercise ordinary care.
Crs argues that by holding up the drafts received from February 13 through February 19, mnb did not act "seasonably” as required by § 4-202(2), MCL 440.4202(2); MSA 19.4202(2), and, thus, failed to use ordinary care. However, crs’ argument ignores the provision in the business loan agreement that granted mnb the discretion whether to pay drafts for which there were insufficient collected funds on deposit in the check purchase account. In essence, plaintiff wishes to hold mnb liable for its failure to honor timely the drafts presented to it from February 13 through February 19, ignoring the fact that mnb had the discretion to dishonor. In fact, the evidence indicates that mnb held the checks, rather than immediately dishonoring them, to provide crs an opportunity to accumulate collected funds in its check purchase account. The trial court properly granted summary disposition of this claim.
Crs also argues that the trial court erred in dismissing its conversion claim.
An action for the conversion of bank account funds, i.e., the act of dominion wrongfully exerted over another’s personal property inconsistent with the ownership rights of the other, can be maintained only if there was an obligation on the defendant’s part to return or deliver the specific money entrusted to it.
Garris v Bekiares,
Where, as here, defendants did not waive their common-law right of setoff, mnb had the right to use the funds on deposit in crs’ check purchase account as a setoff against crs’ obligations.
White Truck Sales of Saginaw, Inc v Citizens Commercial & Savings Bank,
The record demonstrates that these four conditions existed. Crs failed to present evidence demonstrating the existence of a material question of fact regarding mnb’s right to set off crs* check purchase account funds against crs’ debt to mnb. Mnb’s exercise of dominion over the account funds was not wrongful, therefore crs’ conversion claim was properly dismissed pursuant to MCR 2.116(C) (10).
Crs further contends that the trial court erred in dismissing its defamation claim.
Crs’ claim of defamation is based on its contention that there were collected funds on deposit in its check purchase account. However, as discussed previously, crs has failed to present any evidence to support that contention. Rather, the evidence indicates that the balance in the check purchase
Crs’ final argument is that the trial court erred in dismissing its claim of interference with business relations and interference with prospective advantage.
Determining that crs’ claims were predicated upon the issue of the collected balance in the check purchase account and the claimed wrongful dishonor or improper seizure of the funds on deposit, the trial court dismissed crs’ claims pursuant to MCR 2.116(0(10) on the basis of its analysis of the previous issues. Crs does not cite any authority to support its claim that the trial court erred and, thus, has failed to properly present this issue for review. To properly present an appeal, an appellant must approximately argue the issues identified in its statement of the questions involved.
Midland v Helger Construction Co, Inc,
Affirmed with respect to the grant of summary disposition, but remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion regarding the issue of costs. We do not retain jurisdiction.