13 F.2d 847 | 6th Cir. | 1926
Bruce Chase was convicted on five counts of a criminal informa
This witness stated on direct examination that he had never bought any whisky or intoxicating spirits from defendant, and did not “know of his own knowledge that Chase ever brought or delivered any such to the store of Peterson & Smitfi.” Thereupon the district attorney produced an affidavit that the witness'had fnade, and, over the objection of counsel for defendant, read from the affidavit, asking the witness whether each statement contained therein was comeet, to which the witness replied in the affirmative. The affidavit stated unqualifiedly that the witness had purchased liquor from the defendant on the dates set out therein, which purchases were made more than six months before the making of the affidavit. In this way counsel for the government induced the witness to adopt as his testimony the- statements made in the affidavit in contradiction of what he had previously said. It is true that the witness was seemingly hostile, and the right of cross-examination for that reason accorded the government might, under proper circumstances, permit of the introduction of'prior contradictory statements to neutralize the effect of the adverse testimony; but in that event the affidavit so used could not have the effect of substantive proof. Southern Railway Co. v. Gray, 241 U. S. 333, 337, 36 S. Ct. 558, 60 L. Ed. 1030; Halbert v. United States, 290 F. 765 (6 C. C. A.).
If the affidavit be considered as used to refresh the recollection of the witness, it was clearly inadmissible as not made contemporaneously with the events recited therein. Putnam v. United States, 162 U. S. 687, 16 S. Ct. 923, 40 L. Ed. 1118. If regarded as having been introduced to neutralize or discredit the testimony just, given, its effect as substantive proof could only have been avoided by instructing the jury to consider it only in that limited sphere. Counsel for defendant objected to its use on the specific ground that its introduction was, in effect, a substitution of the affidavit for the testimony of the witness on the stand,, and that the affidavit was thus received as substantive, proof. If the purpose of its introduction was to contra-diet the advers'e testimony, the failure so to limit the jury’s consideration ,of it is reversible, error, since, as received, it constituted so large a part of the substantive evidence that it cannot be said that it was not accepted as the basis for the verdict.
Reversed, and remanded for a new trial.
