OPINION
This matter is before the Court is to determine how “orphan shares” of liability will be
This Court recently denied a motion to reconsider this Court’s August 19, 1993 Order that held that plaintiffs’ claims could proceed under section 107 of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA), 42 U.S.C. § 9607. In so doing, the possibility that defendants could be found to be jointly and severally liable was maintained.
The issue to be decided is whether “orphan shares” should be borne solely by defendants, or whether they should be allocated among all solvent potentially responsible parties (PRPs) as their adjudicated CERCLA equitable share. Plaintiffs in this case are among the PRPs responsible for the hazardous materials found at the West KL Avenue Landfill, the cleanup costs of which are the subject of the present suit. Defendants assert that plaintiffs, in fact, were the largest generators of hazardous substances at the site.
As an initial matter, “orphan shares.” must be defined. Plaintiffs assert that defendants do not distinguish between insolvent PRPs and PRPs that simply have not been brought into the ease as third party defendants. It is not clear that defendants have confused the two situations. In any event, “orphan shares” as addressed in this Opinion refer solely to response costs that are “attributable to bankrupt or financially insolvent PRPs.”
See City and County of Denver v. Adolph Coors Co.,
Plaintiffs note that because this is a section 107 action, defendants meeting the definition of a liable “person” are jointly and severally liable for response costs related to harms that are not shown to be divisible. Plaintiffs acknowledge that because of the section 113 counterclaim, the ultimate amount recovered will be reduced by an amount that adequately represents plaintiffs’ equitable share of the response costs. However, they maintain that the equitable share attributable to them should not include a portion of the orphan shares.
In addition to repeating their argument that this Court should reverse its prior determination that plaintiffs are not restricted to a contribution action under section 113, defendants also note that cases permitting section 107 actions have, nevertheless, equitably apportioned the orphan shares among all the PRPs, including plaintiffs.
See Chesapeake and Potomac Telephone Co. of Virginia v. Peck Iron & Metal Co., Inc.,
This Court does not entirely agree with the statement in
Chesapeake & Potomac
that a PRP plaintiff should “not benefit from starting the cleanup operation unilaterally and being the first to the courthouse door to sue its confederates in environmental misbehavior.”
See id.
at 1277. Although a PRP should not benefit from its own wrongdoing, the benefit of joint and several liability and the ability to control the cleanup at the site
Plaintiffs contend that the major benefit from having joint and several liability is that they can recover all costs from some of the solvent PRPs and that they would not absorb the shares attributable to insolvent PRPs.
Allied Corp. v. Acme Solvents Reclaming, Inc.,
In the section 113(f) counterclaims and third-party claims for contribution, the orphan shares must be equitably apportioned among the solvent PRPs. I find no sufficient reason to exclude plaintiffs from this apportionment. As PRPs themselves, plaintiffs and the remaining solvent PRPs 2 are, under CERCLA, liable for the recoverable response costs incurred at the site. Equity and fairness dictate that the shares that would have been attributed to parties that are now insolvent should be apportioned among all of the solvent PRPs.
The policy reason cited by plaintiffs for apportioning orphan shares only to defendants is not persuasive. Although avoiding orphan share apportionment is certainly an extra incentive for a PRP to be amenable to a request it participate in a cleanup of a site, it is not clear to this Court that exposure to such orphan shares is such a disincentive that an otherwise amenable PRP would usually decline to participate in cleanups.
By participating in a cleanup, plaintiffs gain some control over the cleanup efforts, including costs, and benefit from being able to bring a section 107 cost recovery action against only a small subset of the solvent PRPs that may be jointly and severally liable. The sued PRPs have the option of bringing contribution actions against other solvent PRPs that may also be jointly and severally liable. However, there appears little legitimate reason to force defendant PRPs to bear the entire equitable share of insolvent PRPs. It appears much more equitable to apportion the orphan shares to all the PRPs, including plaintiffs, according to their relative equitable share.
In
Chesapeake and Potomac,
the court ruled that joint and several liability was imposed on defendants only for the share of liability not attributed to plaintiffs.
This Court agrees with the court in Chesapeake and Potomac that the orphan shares should be apportioned among all of the solvent PRPs that are parties in this litigation, including plaintiffs, in amounts corresponding to their relative equitable responsibility for any indivisible harm for which joint and several liability otherwise applies.
Notes
. According to defendant Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company, over 500 companies that were identified by plaintiffs as PRPs did not settle with plaintiffs or the Environmental Protection Agency. Therefore, it is clear that there are hundreds of PRPs that have not yet been brought into this litigation; presumably, many of these remain ongoing enterprises. Equitable shares of liability for response costs that may be attributed to any solvent non-parties are not considered ''orphan shares.”
. Obviously, only PRPs that ultimately are found to be liable persons under section 107 are responsible for costs incurred at the site.