Lead Opinion
Today we strike at two uncertainties often present when a prisoner seeks to avoid dismissal of his claim made for the first time in a successive petition for writ of habeas corpus. We decide that in the prosecution of a federal habeas petition a petitioner is bound by the knowledge chargeable to his competent habeas counsel. We decide that the sole fact that the new claims were not exhausted when the earlier federal writ was prosecuted will not automatically excuse their omission.
I
Charles Jones is now serving a life sentence in the Texas state prison following his conviction in 1968 of attempted burglary enhanced by two prior convictions. On direct appeal Jones did not attack his conviction for attempted burglary but attacked one of the two prior enhancing convictions, urging that the indictment in that case did not state an offense and that the state’s proof by prison records rather than by a certified copy of the judgment was insufficient. That attack was rejected. Jones v. State,
In the next thirteen years Jones filed six pro se applications for a writ of habeas corpus in the state courts. This, Jones’s third federal petition, asserts fifteen grounds for relief. Seven grounds are “new”
The district court dismissed Jones’s petition, pursuant to Rule 9(b) of the rules governing habeas corpus, as an abuse of the writ, finding the eight grounds that had been considered in Jones’s prior petitions ought not be considered again, and the seven new claims would not be considered because Jones’s failure to raise them in his prior petitions was inexcusable. Jones appealed and in an unpublished opinion we remanded for an evidentiary hearing. At the ordered evidentiary hearing, only Jones testified. He explained that he learned of his new claims from fellow inmates after his second federal petition. The district
Jones appealed, urging that the only evidence before the district court was his testimony that he had been unaware of the new grounds for relief until after his second federal petition was denied. A panel of this court held that writ abuse had not been clearly established by the evidence before the district court, and reversed the dismissal of Jones’s petition. Jones v. Estelle,
II
New claims in a successive habeas petition must be dismissed if omitting them from a prior petition is an abuse of the writ. 28 U.S.C. foil. § 2254, Rule 9(b). As the advisory committee notes to Rule 9(b) affirm, “[t]his subdivision is aimed at screening out the abusive petitions from this large volume, so that the more meritorious petitions can get quicker and fuller consideration.”
Adopted in 1976, Rule 9(b) largely codifies the principles enunciated in Sanders v. United States,
if a prisoner deliberately withholds one of two grounds for federal collateral relief at the time of filing his first application, in the hope of- being granted two hearings rather than one or for some other such reason, he may be deemed to have waived his right to a hearing on a second application presenting the withheld ground.... Nothing in the traditions of habeas corpus requires the federal courts to tolerate needless piecemeal litigation, or to entertain collateral proceedings whose only purpose is to vex, harass, or delay.
Id. at 18,
Sanders relied on Fay v. Noia,
According to Fay, a petitioner loses the right to have a claim considered on a successive petition if he “understanding^ and knowingly forewent the privilege,”
The outer limits of the abuse doctrine are easily stated. A petitioner may in a successive petition assert a new claim based on facts or legal theories about which he had no knowledge when prosecuting his prior habeas petition.
The more difficult cases fall between the two extremes into an area where awareness of right and purpose are matters of inference. It is not surprising that many successive habeas petitions fall into this category, for often the very fact that the petition is successive engenders suspicion of writ abuse. Indeed the Supreme Court has recently counseled wariness of successive petitions. Barefoot v. Estelle, - U.S. -,
Nor is it surprising that procedural rules have flourished in this policy tensioned environment. We pause to describe their prominent features. The Supreme Court held in Sanders that abuse of the writ must be specifically pleaded by the government,
The government meets its burden of pleading if it notes petitioner’s prior writ history, indicates the claims appearing for the first time in the successive petition, and affirms its belief that petitioner is abusing the writ in a manner proscribed by Rule 9(b). In asserting writ abuse the government is by necessity asserting that it is aware of no newly disclosed facts or changes in the law that would justify the filing of a successive petition. Finally, despite the pleading requirements placed on the parties, abuse may be raised sua sponte by the district court. See Sockwell v. Maggio,
Once the government has met its burden of pleading writ abuse, or once the issue has been raised by the district court sua sponte, the petitioner “has the burden of answering that allegation and of proving ... by a preponderance of the evidence ... that he has not abused the writ.” Price v. Johnston,
Petitioner’s opportunity to carry that burden will not include an evidentiary hearing if the district court determines as a matter of law that petitioner has no chance of justifying the successive petition. Vaughan v. Estelle,
These procedural rules reflect the effort to adjust the tension between the need to consider all nonfrivolous claims and the need to prevent manipulation and obstruction of judicial proceedings by successive petitions. The objective is to preserve the proper use of the writ of habeas corpus to win review of unlawful state action, while recognizing that “[t]he advancing of
This policy implementation can be expressed in the language of traditional equity precepts. The petitioner who fails to carry his burden of proof at the 9(b) hearing will suffer dismissal of his petition because he has failed to demonstrate the good faith required of one who seeks a remedy governed by equitable principles. As the advisory committee notes to Rule 9(b) state, “[subdivision [9](b) is consistent with the important and well established purpose of habeas corpus. It does not eliminate a remedy to which the petitioner is rightfully entitled.” Finally, we note that the primary responsibility for deciding whether a petitioner has abused the writ is with the district court.
The principles governing . .. denial of a hearing oh a successive application are addressed to the sound discretion of the federal trial judges. Theirs is the major responsibility for the just and sound administration' of the federal collateral remedies, and theirs must be the judgment as to whether a second or successive application shall be denied without consideration of the merits. Even as to such an application, the federal judge clearly has the power—and, if the ends of justice demand, the duty—to reach the merits.
Sanders,
These general principles boil down to the idea that a petitioner can excuse his omission of a claim from an earlier writ if he proves he did not know of the “new” claims when the earlier writ was filed. The inquiry is easily answered when the claim has been made possible by a change in the law since the last writ
Ill
Criminal defendants daily entrust their liberty to the skill of their lawyers. The consequences of the lawyer’s decisions fall squarely upon the defendant. There is nothing untoward in this circumstance. To the contrary, the lawyer as the defendant’s representative is at the core of our adversary process. Whether to call a particular witness, object to evidence, offer additional evidence or rest, or indeed advance a particular defense at all often has immediate and grave impact upon the liberty or even the life of a defendant. So long as the lawyer was competent, the representative character of the relationship between a lawyer and his client will tolerate no other result. In this sense we have consistently held defendants to the decisions of their lawyers. See Jones v. Barnes, - U.S. -,
We have carved out certain rights as so basic or “personal” that we do not accept the agency role of the lawyer. We have protected those rights by procedures calculated to insure that any waiver be made by the defendant personally rather than by his lawyer. These rights in the main appear where the defendant relinquishes the protections of the adversary system and his lawyer’s role in that system. For example, we have declined to rest on statements of the lawyer in assuring that a plea of guilty be voluntary. That reluctance finds example in the requirement that a judge address the defendant personally at certain critical times such as in deciding whether to accept a plea of guilty or in insuring that an
We have not found a constitutional right to counsel in collateral attacks on a conviction nor found that the “right” to collaterally attack a conviction is such that the omission of a particular claim or theory waives a safeguard so fundamental as to require a personal decision to waive measured by Johnson v. Zerbst,
Having recognized the representative role of counsel when their participation is constitutionally secured, it would be anomalous indeed to deny that role for competent counsel when their participation is not so required as in habeas proceedings. Moreover, much of our habeas jurisprudence is bottomed on the representative role of counsel. In Engle v. Isaac,
We have long recognized, however, that the Constitution guarantees criminal defendants only a fair trial and a competent attorney. It does not insure that defense counsel will recognize and raise every conceivable constitutional claim. Where the basis of a constitutional claim is available, and other defense counsel have perceived and litigated that claim, the de*167 mands of comity and finality so counsel against labeling alleged awareness of the objection as cause for a procedural default.
Id. at 134,
Given this elemental role of counsel in our adversary system, we think it inevitable that the inquiry into excuse for omitting a- claim from an earlier writ will differ depending upon whether petitioner was represented by counsel in the earlier writ prosecution. Representation by competent counsel has an immediate impact upon the quality of proof necessary to prove an excuse for omitting a prior claim. With counsel the inquiry is not solely the awareness of a petitioner, a laypan, but must include that of his competent counsel. When a petitioner was represented by competent counsel in a fully prosecuted writ he cannot by testimony of personal ignorance justify the omission of claims when awareness of those claims is chargeable to his competent counsel.
Counsel competence in habeas proceedings is not a constitutional inquiry, since a state has no constitutional duty to provide counsel in collateral proceedings. Instead the question is whether such incompetence excuses the failure to include the new claim in the old petition. Even a successive petition seeking to litigate a claim a second time can be considered to prevent an injustice. Equally, incompetence of habeas counsel when it explains an omission or flawed submission can excuse what otherwise would amount to an abuse of the writ.
It does not follow that incompetence of counsel is necessarily established by omission of a claim. The test of competent counsel, as we have repeatedly held,
is “not errorless counsel, and not counsel judged ineffective by hindsight, but counsel reasonably likely to render and rendering reasonably effective assistance.” The determination of whether a counsel rendered reasonably effective assistance turns in each case on the totality of facts in the entire record. Thus, we must consider a counsel’s performance in light of “the number, nature, and seriousness of the charges ... the strength of the prosecution’s ease and the strength and complexity of the defendant’s possible defenses.”
Gray v. Lucas,
The standard for measuring competence of counsel, while developed in the context of constitutional right, is a familiar one. We are persuaded that this standard vindicates the competing values of facilitating judicial review of meritorious claims and finality of criminal convictions in habe-as cases. Moreover, drawing upon the relatively well developed principles of counsel competence brings greater predictability and stability to this jurisprudence. In sum, we see no principled reason for not applying to habeas counsel the same measure of their competence that we apply when the Constitution requires the lawyer’s work.
IV
Jones has not urged that Rule 9(b) is here inapplicable because he had not exhausted his state court remedies as to the two claims he now pursues. Given that not
In Paprskar v. Estelle,
Underlying Galtieri and Paprskar was a greater willingness to tolerate unexhausted claims than the Supreme Court in Rose v. Lundy,
The Lundy court’s call for the dismissal of mixed petitions would have little meaning if it could be avoided by withholding unexhausted claims, or deleting them by an amended petition. Justice O’Connor’s plurality opinion
If a petitioner is aware of claims not included in his federal petition his persistence in prosecuting his federal writ while holding back his unexhausted claims dis-serves our strong policy against piecemeal-ing claims. Critically, nothing requires that we permit such multiple petitions.
A petitioner who has both exhausted and unexhausted claims faces no ultimate barrier to the federal prosecution of all his claims. He can obtain dismissal of his federal writ, completely exhaust his claims, and, if unsuccessful, return to federal court. Recognition of an automatic excuse from writ abuse for unexhausted claims would perforce be bottomed on recognition of a prisoner’s right to persist in prosecution of his exhausted claims while holding back the unexhausted claims. We do not recognize such an unqualified “right” to slice one’s claims and present them in successive filings. Nor can Sanders fairly be read to limit writ abuse to successive writs filed with a vexatious purpose. Sanders’ prohibition of vexatious petitions is disjunctive to its prohibition of unnecessary piecemealing. Regardless of the petitioner’s subjective
We hold only that a petitioner who has persisted in the prosecution of a federal writ while aware of additional but then unexhausted claims faces the hurdle of disproving abuse when in a successive petition he presents the omitted claims.
V
In his second federal habeas application Jones was represented by appointed counsel whose competence he has not questioned. Jones does not claim that since his second habeas petition new law changed the legal significance of facts he earlier knew, Nor does he claim that he has recently learned facts about his conviction which were not previously known to him and which he could not have learned through the exercise of diligence. He testified at the evidentiary hearing before the district court that he did not learn of the legal basis for his new claims until after his second federal Petition- But with counsel whose competence he does not question that proof ls not enou»^ because Jones is chargeable with that awareness that a competent law-^er woldd bave possessed.
VI
Jones has advanced no tenable excuse for omitting the «w claims from his second federal habeas petition. The district court’s conclusion that Jones had not carried his burden of showing that he did not abuse the writ was not an abuse of discretion.
AFFIRMED.
APPENDIX
Jones’s writ history can best be seen when graphically depicted.
Date and Court Counsel Disposition
1/7/71; state convicting - pro se denied; application to Ct. Crim. court App. denied 10/6/71
3/24/72; U.S. Dist. Ct. pro se ' denied; cert, of probable cause CA72-H-82 denied by 5th Cir. 7/31/72 (72-8027)
7/16/73; state convict- pro se denied; application to Ct. Crim. ing court App. denied 9/7/73
7/17/74; state convict- pro se • denied; application to Ct. Crim. ing court App. denied 9/18/74
*170 Date and Court Counsel Disposition
denied; aff’d per curiam by 5th Cir. 8/25/77 (77-1290) 12/17/76; U.S. Dist. Ct. CA74-H-1554 Mike DeGeurm, federal public defender service appointed 5/5/75
denied; application to Ct. Crim. App. denied 3/29/78 3/14/78; state convicting court pro se
denied; application to Ct. Crim. App. denied 7/19/78 6/27/78; state convicting court pro se
denied, and petitioner cited for writ abuse; application to Ct. Crim. App. denied and petitioner cited for writ abuse by that court 4/25/79 4/2/79; state convicting court pro se
4/10/80; U.S. Dist. Ct. CA79-H-1385 originally pro se; coun-counsel appointed 10/20/81 dismissed for abuse of the writ; judgment vacated by 5th Cir. 7/30/81; evidentiary hearing held 10/26/81; petition dismissed for abuse of the writ 12/9/81; judgment reversed by panel of 5th Cir. 3/11/83; panel opinion vacated and rehearing en banc ordered 7/12/83
Notes
. Jones’s earlier federal applications were denied on March 24, 1972 and on December 17, 1976. The seven new grounds alleged by Jones are as follows:
(1) Defective indictment in state cause number B-2881 in that it alleges burglary of a house at night with intent to commit theft;
(2) Life imprisonment for three non-violent felonies constitutes cruel and unusual punishment;
(3) Jury charge in state cause no. 3084 varied from indictment; i.e., once the court defined “theft,” it used the term “theft” in the rest of the charges instead of restating the definition each time;
(4) Discrimination in grand jury selection in state cause no. B-2881;
(5) Conviction void where judgment recited prior felony convictions;
(6) Indictment in state cause no. B-2881 fails to state what property Jones intended to steal; and
(7) Indictment in state cause no. 3084, which alleged burglarious entry of a car by “force, threats, and fraud,” was defective where petitioner used only force.
The brief filed with the district court by Jones’s attorney in the present case stated that (2) is decided adversely to Jones by Rummel v. Estelle,445 U.S. 263 ,100 S.Ct. 1133 ,63 L.Ed.2d 382 (1980); that there is insufficient evidence to go forward on (4); that (5) is waived; and that the indictments were sufficient as to the infirmities alleged in (6) and (7). Thus, of the new grounds, Jones is now asserting only (1) and (3). Jones did not complain to the district court after remand of its refusal to reconsider the eight grounds ruled upon in the first two petitions and does not here.
. Although Sanders arose under 28 U.S.C. § 2255, which provides relief tojoersons unlawfully sentenced by a federal coiirt, its analysis is equally applicable to § 2254, which provides relief to persons unlawfully sentenced by a state court.
. Because our decision today turns on the knowledge attributable to Jones’s prior habeas
. Rule 9(b) originally provided that a successive petition advancing new claims should be dismissed if the failure to raise these claims in the original petition was “not excusable.” By amendment, this “not excusable” language was superseded by the current “abuse of the writ” language because Congress feared that the “not excusable” standard was “new and undefined,” and “gave a judge too broad a discretion to dismiss a second or successive petition.” House Report No. 94-1471, reprinted in 1976 U.S.Code Cong. & Ad.News 2478, 2480. This change in terminology did not effect a significant change in the governing standard we use, for our cases define abuse of the writ in terms of whether a petitioner’s unawareness of facts or failure to understand the legal significance of known facts is “excusable” or “justifiable.” See, e.g., Sockwell v. Maggio,
. But the Supreme Court in Engle v. Isaac,
. In Wong Doo v. United States,
. We recognize that a cramped reading of Rule 9(b)’s antecedents in Supreme Court caselaw could support a claim that 9(b) applies only to knowing waivers by the petitioner himself. Rule 9(b), as we have stated, codifies the principles of Sanders, which in turn grounds its explication of waiver and abuse in Fay v. Noia. Fay defined waiver in terms of an understanding and knowing decision by an individual to forego a claim, and because it made no mention of the representative role of counsel, it could be read to exclude such an agency relationship, thereby expanding the Johnson v. Zerbst doctrine. By the time Rule 9(b) was enacted, however, Fay’s reach had been substantially limited by Henry v. Mississippi,
But even if Congress read Sanders and Fay to limit the representative role of counsel, it does not follow that this limitation was engrafted into Rule 9(b). Sanders was the milestone case in which the Supreme Court explicitly enunciated a writ abuse doctrine. In this sense, Rule 9(b), the writ abuse statute, plainly codifies Sanders. However, we have never held that every hint or implication which may reasonably be perceived in Sanders is likewise embodied in Rule 9(b). Here, where one such possible ramification of Sanders would severely undercut the efficacy of Rule 9(b), logic impels us to hold that this ramification of Sanders cannot control our reading of the rule Congress has enacted.
. This case does not present the question of whether a lawyer’s omission of a claim from an earlier writ petition may be excused by a later change in law which could have reasonably been anticipated. Relatedly, note the suggestion of Justice Blackmun that a state could require a petitioner to assert all claims in a single petition. Escape from a failure to do so would be measured by Wainwright v. Sykes,
. The standard for gauging effectiveness of counsel is now before the Supreme Court. Washington v. Strickland,
. The plurality opinion was joined by Chief Justice Burger and Justices Powell and Relinquish Justice Brennan filed a dissent joined by Justice Marshall and in part by Justice White. However, Brennan and Marshall joined part Ill(b) of Justice O’Connor’s opinion which required dismissal of mixed petitions. Justice Stevens filed a separate dissent and Justice Blackmun a concurring opinion.
. See Jones v. Hess,
Dissenting Opinion
with whom RUBIN, TATE, and JOHNSON, Circuit Judges, join, dissenting:
The majority of the Court submits an erudite opinion to establish that prisoner Jones abused the writ of habeas corpus in filing the petition which is before us. But what we are not told is that the intentional or reckless withholding of claimed habeas corpus grounds in the prior petition by Jones is attributed to a prisoner with a fifth grade education. Then, in attributing the responsibility for not raising the issues on habeas corpus earlier, his failure in turn is attributed to that of his appointed attorney in the prior habeas corpus petition. Yet the only evidence in the entire record as to his representation in the second petition by the appointed attorney is that the attorney communicated with him by letter once in preparation for the habeas corpus petition and the prisoner never met his attorney until just before the habeas corpus hearing. Further, the attorney raised and argued only one claim, the claim that Jones had been inadequately represented by counsel in his trial. In this case the facts belie the application of the principles held to be controlling in the opinion of the Court.
The core holding for the Court in this case is that it is an abuse of the writ to file a habeas corpus petition if the prisoner was represented by an attorney in a previous habeas corpus adjudication unless: (1) the prisoner proves his attorney was incompetent in the prior habeas corpus proceeding, or (2) new grounds are raised which developed in the law after the preceding habeas corpus application and such grounds probably could not reasonably be anticipated by the attorney or the petitioner. In general, these are valid guidelines. But they must be applied with balance and understanding. As applied in this case, we have a narrow
It is correct, of course, that this Court sitting en banc can abandon its prior authority. But the extent of that abandonment is revealed starkly by comparing the austere and technical reasoning of the majority of the Court with these words from our 1982 decision in Vaughan v. Estelle,
“Rule 9(b) codifies the seminal case of Sanders v. United States,373 U.S. 1 ,83 S.Ct. 1068 ,10 L.Ed.2d 148 (1963), with its guidelines concerning abuse of the writ.” Potts v. Zant,638 F.2d 727 , 739 (5th Cir.1981) (citations omitted). See Haley v. Estelle,632 F.2d 1273 (5th Cir.1980). But, in this circuit, the “ ‘abuse of the Writ’ doctrine is of rare and extraordinary application.” Paprskar v. Estelle,612 F.2d 1003 , 1007 (5th Cir.), cert. denied,449 U.S. 885 ,101 S.Ct. 239 ,66 L.Ed.2d 111 (1980) (citation omitted). See Hardwick v. Doolittle,558 F.2d 292 (5th Cir.1977), cert. denied,434 U.S. 1049 ,98 S.Ct. 897 ,54 L.Ed.2d 801 (1978); Simpson v. Wainwright,488 F.2d 494 (5th Cir.1973). The doctrine is applied narrowly because, under this rubric, full consideration of the merits of a new petition is not necessary if the filing is found to be abusive. Our reluctance to invoke the rule, save in rare and extraordinary instances, was dramatized in Haley v. Estelle in which we noted that “The principle behind Rule 9(b) is to dismiss those petitions that constitute ‘needless piecemeal litigation’ or whose ‘purpose is to vex, harass, or delay.’ ”632 F.2d at 1275 (quoting Sanders v. United States,373 U.S. at 18 ,83 S.Ct. at 1078 ).
We in dissent can find no justification for this drastic departure from the established law concerning abuse of the writ which has developed out of the requirement of a showing of “deliberate withholding” of grounds, Sanders v. United States,
This is the third federal petition for habe-as corpus for this prisoner. The substantial number of state habeas corpus petitions are irrelevant and have nothing to do with a conclusion concerning abuse of the writ in federal courts. The first petition was pro se, and was filed in 1972. The denial was not appealed. Jones filed his second petition pro se in 1974. A federal public defender was appointed to serve as his attorney in that proceeding. Jones originally claimed three grounds in that petition, but his attorney argued only one — the inadequacy of counsel at his trial. The decision on appeal in that case, denying his petition, was rendered by this Court in 1977.
Jones’ current petition, his third, was filed pro se in 1982. In this petition, he claimed some 15 grounds, eight of which clearly had been disposed of before. The other seven grounds were new. Some of them properly could be characterized as frivolous. There are, however, at least two claimed grounds, among the new grounds, which are worthy of some consideration. The district court held the filing was an abuse of the writ. We reversed and required the district court to holding a hearing and make findings on whether the writ had been abused or not. Jones v. Estelle,
At this point, the critical facts of this case develop. The hearing on remand to the district court consisted entirely of the petitioner’s own testimony. Petitioner was represented by counsel at this hearing. There is no evidence whatsoever in the record to counter the petitioner’s testimony that his lawyer on the second habeas corpus
It is of the utmost importance in this case that the only evidence in the hearing on abuse of the writ is the evidence of petitioner himself. Obviously on the basis of this evidence, petitioner did not intentionally forego raising grounds in his two prior petitions. Nor was he guilty of inexcusable neglect in not raising the current grounds. The failure attributed to him must be placed solely upon his attorney in the second petition, and the opinion for the Court does so. Yet, on this record there is not a shred of evidence that petitioner’s counsel ever talked to him about other possible grounds or that his counsel carefully read and analyzed the entire record with other grounds in mind. There is no indication that petitioner was warned that his 1974 petition would be his last opportunity to claim grounds already in existence in a federal court in a habeas corpus. The district judge in finding an abuse of the writ after the hearing did not find that the accused could not be credited. Instead, the district court based its conclusion upon findings of fact which do not in any way dispute the state of the record as described immediately above. It is at this point that the abuse of discretion in the decision of the district court occurred.
While the petitioner has the burden of proof to counter the claim of abuse of the writ, that burden of proof was carried by his testimony. If his testimony is credited, there is no possible way that he can be found to be guilty of the abuse of the writ on the ground that he had an attorney at the hearing on the second petition. The opinion for the Court concludes that the competence of his attorney at the second petition is not challenged. Yet, this third petition was submitted pro se. We honor an obligation to recognize this fact and apply less stringent standards when we are dealing with the pleadings and arguments of a pro se habeas petitioner. Estelle v. Gamble,
The majority of the Court seems to say that in filing his third petition Jones should have recognized that he had to mount pro se a full attack upon the quality and competence of his representation in the second habeas corpus proceeding including proof of his attorney’s failure to anticipate every possible ground then in existence which might have merit and upon which his conviction might be challenged. This was a heavy demand on a prisoner with a fifth grade education acting on his own. But then a hearing was held because we directed it. Petitioner was then represented by counsel and testified. He explained the extent of his representation by his attorney in the second habeas corpus proceeding. His sketch of scanty representation for someone serving a life sentence as an habitual criminal was not challenged in any way by the government or by the district court. Yet the majority of the Court in terms concludes that he did not challenge the competence of his legal representation in the second hearing. On the basis of this record that conclusion cannot be supported.
It is not to be denied that there are cases which recognize that having a lawyer in a habeas corpus petition increases the burden upon the petitioner and the lawyer to exhaust all reasonable grounds in a federal habeas corpus petition. Obviously, the re
The opinion for the Court places heavy reliance upon the case of Rose v. Lundy,
It is true that in cases such as Paprskar v. Estelle,
We in dissent do not deny that the writ is subject to serious abuse and that there are many instances of successive petitions for habeas corpus which reveal abuse. But abuse of the writ under the rule has to do with withholding grounds either intentionally or recklessly. There is no evidence in this record that this prisoner is subject to such a conclusive bar either on the basis of his own responsibilities or the attribution to him of the responsibilities of his attorney.
The Court’s holding in this case tends to reduce the “Great Writ” to a writ available to the highly educated, the intelligent, and the wealthy who can hire the finest legal service and ensure that every consideration is given to the content of the petition. There is nothing in the position which we here espouse which countenances genuine abuse of the writ by successive petitions when grounds are withheld knowingly or carelessly. But there is no statute of limitations on the serious constitutional claims of prisoners. The majority of the Court creates one in this case without the countervailing justification of requiring that such issues be known and understood to be present or readily discoverable at the time of the earlier petition. With the showing in this record of the inadequacy of the consideration of possible habeas claims by the attorney for petitioner in the second petition, we must not impute to this pro se poorly educated prisoner the abilities of a skilled and highly educated advocate.
This Court has a deserved reputation for the protection of the rights of the least of those among us. But in this case we falter
The decision of the district court should be reversed and the case remanded for a consideration on the merits of the issues raised by petitioner.